Background Stimulation of β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors (ARs) in the heart results in positive inotropy. In contrast, it has been reported that the β3AR is also expressed in the human heart and that its stimulation leads ...

Background— Heart failure is characterized by abnormalities in β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) signaling, including increased level of myocardial βAR kinase 1 (βARK1). Our previous studies have shown that inhibition of βARK1 ...

Deleterious effects on the heart from chronic stimulation of β-adrenergic receptors (βARs), members of the 7 transmembrane receptor family, have classically been shown to result from Gs-dependent adenylyl cyclase activation. ...