Apps, RichardQi, YingCarlson, Jonathan MChen, HaoyanGao, XiaojiangThomas, RasmiYuki, YukoDel Prete, Greg QGoulder, PhilipBrumme, Zabrina LBrumme, Chanson JJohn, MinaMallal, SimonNelson, GeorgeBosch, RonaldHeckerman, DavidStein, Judy LSoderberg, Kelly AMoody, M AnthonyDenny, Thomas NZeng, XueFang, JingyuanMoffett, AshleyLifson, Jeffrey DGoedert, James JBuchbinder, SusanKirk, Gregory DFellay, JacquesMcLaren, PaulDeeks, Steven GPereyra, FlorenciaWalker, BruceMichael, Nelson LWeintrob, AmyWolinsky, StevenLiao, WilsonCarrington, Mary2017-06-012017-06-012013-04-05https://hdl.handle.net/10161/14728A variant upstream of human leukocyte antigen C (HLA-C) shows the most significant genome-wide effect on HIV control in European Americans and is also associated with the level of HLA-C expression. We characterized the differential cell surface expression levels of all common HLA-C allotypes and tested directly for effects of HLA-C expression on outcomes of HIV infection in 5243 individuals. Increasing HLA-C expression was associated with protection against multiple outcomes independently of individual HLA allelic effects in both African and European Americans, regardless of their distinct HLA-C frequencies and linkage relationships with HLA-B and HLA-A. Higher HLA-C expression was correlated with increased likelihood of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses and frequency of viral escape mutation. In contrast, high HLA-C expression had a deleterious effect in Crohn's disease, suggesting a broader influence of HLA expression levels in human disease.African AmericansAllelesAmino Acid SequenceAnti-Retroviral AgentsCrohn DiseaseGene Expression RegulationHIVHIV InfectionsHLA-C AntigensHumansImmunodominant EpitopesMolecular Sequence DataMutationPeptide FragmentsPolymorphism, Single NucleotideT-Lymphocytes, CytotoxicViral LoadJournal article1095-9203