Browsing by Author "Barnes, Nicole Elizabeth"
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Item Open Access Beyond Polio in Pakistan: Understanding the Development and Consequences of Eradication Strategies(2024-04-18) Sheikh, ShanzehThis thesis seeks to understand how the strategies of polio eradication and the development of the healthcare environment in Pakistan have led to the continued presence of polio in the country, despite its elimination in nearly every other country besides neighboring Afghanistan. Often the literature, focused on the execution of programs, overlooks the program design that in many ways occurs outside of Pakistan. I use a critical historical analysis to identify root causes of international and national stakeholders’ eradication strategies and rationale, paying close attention to how Pakistan’s history has shaped its perspectives and possibilities. I review archival sources from the Pakistani government, physicians, and international organizations, as well as research papers and reports on polio eradication and health infrastructure. I also conducted nine interviews with Pakistani physicians, researchers, and public health workers. Colonial medical interests have shaped international health regulations and Pakistan’s health system such that they are largely focused on combatting single diseases rather than investing in basic healthcare. The Pakistani state has created gaps in healthcare delivery that military conflict in the region has exacerbated, and that physicians struggle to fill within the politicized health environment. The failure to address community demands for other health services leads to mistrust and vaccine refusals, but international health organizations continue to focus efforts on disease-targeted strategies due to concerns about cost-effectiveness and sunk investments. Efforts to eradicate a disease like polio would be better served by a focus on basic health services. International organizations must re-evaluate what programs they prioritize to control diseases, center investment in public and primary health care as opposed to selective and targeted interventions, and empower the voices of those in marginalized communities to develop programs that respond to their needs, rather than the needs of high-income countries.Item Open Access China's Health Aid to Africa(2017-04-29) Tesha, FlorenceSino-Africa relations involve China’s foreign aid to African countries. There are many questions surrounding China’s foreign aid, such as its scope, its impact, and whether it is altruistic or opportunistic. This thesis provides an analysis of China’s health aid to Sub-Saharan Africa, drawing in part on research I conducted in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, on China’s health services. This paper begins with an analysis of the history of the relationship between China and Africa, while taking into account colonialism. This history is important in understanding the complexity of China’s engagement in African countries. This paper then focuses on two components of China’s health aid: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and the relationship between Chinese doctors and the African communities they work in. Results suggest that TCM offers an affordable alternative form of medicine to most Africans in low-income countries. However, there is still uncertainty about whether the provision of free TCM by the Chinese government is altruistic or a strategy to promote Chinese products in the African market. Additionally, the research shows that there is a lack of interaction between Chinese doctors and the African local communities. The thesis concludes that, regardless of China’s motivations, foreign aid alone does not result in the development of a country. There is a need for African governments and societies to take an active role in the allocation of health aid to their people so that it best serves communities. Thus, instead of indulging in the debate on whether health aid is altruistic or not, African countries should focus on finding ways to use aid to advance their own best interests.Item Open Access China's War with Japan 1937-1945: The Struggle for Survival(CHINA JOURNAL, 2016-01) Barnes, Nicole ElizabethItem Open Access Comment: Toward a History of Health Care: Repositioning the Histories of Nursing and Medicine.(Bulletin of the history of medicine, 2022-01) Barnes, Nicole ElizabethItem Open Access Intimate Communities Wartime Healthcare and the Birth of Modern China, 1937-1945(2018-10-09) Barnes, Nicole ElizabethIntimate Communities is not only a major contribution to the histories of medicine, gender, emotion, and nationalism, but even more importantly, it opens up exciting horizons by making visible and exploring the surprising entanglements ...Item Open Access Neither Donkey nor Horse: Medicine in the Struggle over China's Modernity(BULLETIN OF THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE, 2015) Barnes, Nicole ElizabethItem Open Access Pathogens from the Pulpit: Missionary Perceptions of Disease in Colonial Korea (1910-1940)(2019-04-15) Ko, AlanThis thesis examines how Western missionaries in colonial Korea (1910-1945) perceived disease among the Korean populace. Notably, missionaries in their accounts focused on two diseases, leprosy and tuberculosis. Building on Western discourses of disease, missionaries perceived leprosy in Korea both in heavily Christian terms as a sign of original sin, and a physical manifestation of the region’s tropical primitivism. Meanwhile, they conceived tuberculosis as a disease of modernity that threatened to reduce the productivity of the mission establishment. Interestingly, although the great influenza pandemic of the late 1910s stands out in the history of medicine as one of the deadliest demographical disasters of the 20th century (including in Korea), missionaries did not concern themselves in responding to the outbreak. More fundamentally, this thesis seeks to document how perceptions of disease—both historical and contemporary—remain prefabricated based on a number of important social, political, cultural, religious, and historical factors that ultimately determine how human beings respond to microscopic, invisible pathogens.Item Open Access Prosperity's Predicament: Identity, Reform, and Resistance in Rural Wartime China(JOURNAL OF ASIAN STUDIES, 2014-08) Barnes, Nicole ElizabethItem Open Access Regulating Prostitution in China: Gender and Local Statebuilding, 1900-1937(NAN NU-MEN WOMEN AND GENDER IN CHINA, 2015) Barnes, Nicole ElizabethItem Open Access The Intellectuals in Northern China and The Abolition of the Civil Service Examinations: Minds and Identities(2015-10-20) Xiang, ShiyiIn order to understand the impact of the abolition of the civil service examinations, I examine the lives of Chinese intellectuals during 1895-1910. I investigate their behaviors, emotions, and living environment, and explore how intellectuals retained positions in society through various channels and compare different patterns of their psychological change. What I discover is that stratification among local elites promoted them to discover their new identities in the transition from the Qing dynasty to the Republican government: they were trying to become pure intellectuals or scholar-officials before the dramatic changes of the civil service examinations; however, during the republican times, they would explore their new life path and gradually shape their unique understanding of modernization.Item Open Access The Many Values of Night Soil in Wartime China(Past and Present, 2023-04-22) Barnes, Nicole ElizabethAbstract In March 1940, leaders of the Chongqing night-soil trade union sent a petition to the governor of China’s Sichuan province to contest health officials’ attempts to seize the night-soil industry. Cleanliness in Chongqing, the national capital during the War of Resistance against Japan (1937–45), held profound significance for China’s hygienic modernity, but Nationalist authorities failed to ensure it. On their part, the petitioners failed to recognize the centrality of odour in health officials’ agenda. These joint failures left the wartime capital mired in muck. This article employs microhistorical analysis of the 1940 petition to highlight a significant shift in olfactory sensibility. Comparison with a similar instance in nearby Hankou eleven years later, when Communist cadres succeeded in breaking the local night-soil gang, elucidates key distinctions between the Nationalist and Communist states. The conclusion considers what might be possible if we imagine using night soil to fertilize soils not as an anti-modern practice but as a sustainable means of processing waste and caring for our planet. To regain a portion of night soil’s many values, we must conquer the obstacles of disease transmission and disgust. The former is a technical problem for which solutions already exist; the latter is a formidable social problem.