Browsing by Author "Burton, Douglas C"
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Item Open Access A standardized nomenclature for cervical spine soft-tissue release and osteotomy for deformity correction: clinical article.(Journal of neurosurgery. Spine, 2013-09) Ames, Christopher P; Smith, Justin S; Scheer, Justin K; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Lafage, Virginie; Deviren, Vedat; Moal, Bertrand; Protopsaltis, Themistocles; Mummaneni, Praveen V; Mundis, Gregory M; Hostin, Richard; Klineberg, Eric; Burton, Douglas C; Hart, Robert; Bess, Shay; Schwab, Frank J; International Spine Study GroupObject
Cervical spine osteotomies are powerful techniques to correct rigid cervical spine deformity. Many variations exist, however, and there is no current standardized system with which to describe and classify cervical osteotomies. This complicates the ability to compare outcomes across procedures and studies. The authors' objective was to establish a universal nomenclature for cervical spine osteotomies to provide a common language among spine surgeons.Methods
A proposed nomenclature with 7 anatomical grades of increasing extent of bone/soft tissue resection and destabilization was designed. The highest grade of resection is termed the major osteotomy, and an approach modifier is used to denote the surgical approach(es), including anterior (A), posterior (P), anterior-posterior (AP), posterior-anterior (PA), anterior-posterior-anterior (APA), and posterior-anterior-posterior (PAP). For cases in which multiple grades of osteotomies were performed, the highest grade is termed the major osteotomy, and lower-grade osteotomies are termed minor osteotomies. The nomenclature was evaluated by 11 reviewers through 25 different radiographic clinical cases. The review was performed twice, separated by a minimum 1-week interval. Reliability was assessed using Fleiss kappa coefficients.Results
The average intrarater reliability was classified as "almost perfect agreement" for the major osteotomy (0.89 [range 0.60-1.00]) and approach modifier (0.99 [0.95-1.00]); it was classified as "moderate agreement" for the minor osteotomy (0.73 [range 0.41-1.00]). The average interrater reliability for the 2 readings was the following: major osteotomy, 0.87 ("almost perfect agreement"); approach modifier, 0.99 ("almost perfect agreement"); and minor osteotomy, 0.55 ("moderate agreement"). Analysis of only major osteotomy plus approach modifier yielded a classification that was "almost perfect" with an average intrarater reliability of 0.90 (0.63-1.00) and an interrater reliability of 0.88 and 0.86 for the two reviews.Conclusions
The proposed cervical spine osteotomy nomenclature provides the surgeon with a simple, standard description of the various cervical osteotomies. The reliability analysis demonstrated that this system is consistent and directly applicable. Future work will evaluate the relationship between this system and health-related quality of life metrics.Item Open Access Alignment Targets, Curve Proportion and Mechanical Loading: Preliminary Analysis of an Ideal Shape Toward Reducing Proximal Junctional Kyphosis.(Global spine journal, 2022-07) Katsuura, Yoshihiro; Lafage, Renaud; Kim, Han Jo; Smith, Justin S; Line, Breton; Shaffrey, Christopher; Burton, Douglas C; Ames, Christopher P; Mundis, Gregory M; Hostin, Richard; Bess, Shay; Klineberg, Eric O; Passias, Peter G; Lafage, Virginie; International Spine Study Group (ISSG)Study design
Retrospective cohort study.Objective
Investigate risk factors for PJK including theoretical kyphosis, mechanical loading at the UIV and age adjusted offset alignment.Methods
373 ASD patients (62.7 yrs ± 9.9; 81%F) with 2-year follow up and UIV of at least L1 and LIV of sacrum were included. Images of patients without PJK, with PJK and with PJF were compared using standard spinopelvic parameters before and after the application of the validated virtual alignment method which corrects for the compensatory mechanisms of PJK. Age-adjusted offset, theoretical thoracic kyphosis and mechanical loading at the UIV were then calculated and compared between groups. A subanalysis was performed based on the location of the UIV (upper thoracic (UT) vs. Lower thoracic (LT)).Results
At 2-years 172 (46.1%) had PJK, and 21 (5.6%) developed PJF. As PJK severity increased, the post-operative global alignment became more posterior secondary to increased over-correction of PT, PI-LL, and SVA (all P < 0.005). Also, a larger under correction of the theoretical TK (flattening) and a smaller bending moment at the UIV (underloading of UIV) was found. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that PI-LL and bending moment offsets from normative values were independent predictors of PJK/PJF in UT group; PT and bending moment difference were independent predictors for LT group.Conclusions
Spinopelvic over correction, under correction of TK (flattening), and under loading of the UIV (decreased bending moment) were associated with PJK and PJF. These differences are often missed when compensation for PJK is not accounted for in post-operative radiographs.Item Open Access Appropriate Risk Stratification and Accounting for Age-Adjusted Reciprocal Changes in the Thoracolumbar Spine Reduces the Incidence and Magnitude of Distal Junctional Kyphosis in Cervical Deformity Surgery.(Spine, 2021-11) Passias, Peter G; Bortz, Cole; Pierce, Katherine E; Kummer, Nicholas A; Lafage, Renaud; Diebo, Bassel G; Line, Breton G; Lafage, Virginie; Burton, Douglas C; Klineberg, Eric O; Kim, Han Jo; Daniels, Alan H; Mundis, Gregory M; Protopsaltis, Themistocles S; Eastlack, Robert K; Sciubba, Daniel M; Bess, Shay; Schwab, Frank J; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Smith, Justin S; Ames, Christopher P; International Spine Study Group (ISSG)Study design
Retrospective cohort study of a prospective cervical deformity (CD) database.Objective
Identify factors associated with distal junctional kyphosis (DJK); assess differences across DJK types.Summary of background data
DJK may develop as compensation for mal-correction of sagittal deformity in the thoracic curve. There is limited understanding of DJK drivers, especially for different DJK types.Methods
Included: patients with pre- and postoperative clinical/radiographic data. Excluded: patients with previous fusion to L5 or below. DJK was defined per surgeon note or DJK angle (kyphosis from LIV to LIV-2)<-10°, and pre- to postoperative change in DJK angle by<-10°. Age-specific target LL-TK alignment was calculated as published. Offset from target LL-TK was correlated to DJK magnitude and inclination. DJK types: severe (DJK<-20°), progressive (DJK increase>4.4°), symptomatic (reoperation or published disability thresholds of NDI ≥ 24 or mJOA≤14). Random forest identified factors associated with DJK. Means comparison tests assessed differences.Results
Included: 136 CD patients (61 ± 10 yr, 61%F). DJK rate was 30%. Postop offset from ideal LL-TK correlated with greater DJK angle (r = 0.428) and inclination of the distal end of the fusion construct (r = 0.244, both P < 0.02). Seven of the top 15 factors associated with DJK were radiographic, four surgical, and four clinical. Breakdown by type: severe (22%), progressive (24%), symptomatic (61%). Symptomatic had more posterior osteotomies than asymptomatic (P = 0.018). Severe had worse NDI and upper-cervical deformity (CL, C2 slope, C0-C2), as well as more posterior osteotomies than nonsevere (all P < 0.01). Progressive had greater malalignment both globally and in the cervical spine (all P < 0.03) than static. Each type had varying associated factors.Conclusion
Offset from age-specific alignment is associated with greater DJK and more anterior distal construct inclination, suggesting DJK may develop due to inappropriate realignment. Preoperative clinical and radiographic factors are associated with symptomatic and progressive DJK, suggesting the need for preoperative risk stratification.Level of Evidence: 3.Item Open Access Are Minimally Invasive Spine Surgeons or Classical Open Spine Surgeons More Consistent with Their Treatment of Adult Spinal Deformity?(World neurosurgery, 2022-09) Uribe, Juan S; Koffie, Robert M; Wang, Michael Y; Mundis, Gregory M; Kanter, Adam S; Eastlack, Robert K; Anand, Neel; Park, Paul; Smith, Justin S; Burton, Douglas C; Chou, Dean; Kelly, Michael P; Kim, Han Jo; Bess, Shay; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Schwab, Frank J; Lenke, Lawrence G; Mummaneni, Praveen VObjective
Spine surgeons have a heuristic sense of how to surgically restore alignment and address adult spinal deformity (ASD) symptoms, but consensus on the extent of treatment remains unclear. We sought to determine the variability of surgical approaches in treating ASD.Methods
Sixteen spine surgeons were surveyed on treatment approaches in 10 select ASD cases. We repeated the survey with the same surgeons 4 weeks later, with cases ordered differently. We examined the variability in length of construct, use of interbody spacers, osteotomies, and pelvic fixation frequency.Results
Treatment approaches for each case varied by surgeon, with some surgeons opting for long fusion constructs in cases for which others offered no surgery. There was no consensus among surgeons on the number of levels fused, interbody spacer use, or anterior/posterior osteotomies. Intersurgeon and intrasurgeon variability was 48% (kappa = 0.31) and 59% (kappa = 0.44) for surgeons performing minimally invasive surgery (MIS) versus 37% (kappa = 0.21) and 47% (kappa = 0.30) for those performing open surgery. In the second-round survey, 8 of 15 (53%) surgeons substantially changed the construct length, number of interbody spacers, and osteotomies in at least half the cases they previously reviewed. Surgeons performing MIS versus open surgery were less likely to extend constructs to the pelvis (42.5% vs. 67.5%; P = 0.02), but construct length was not correlated with whether a surgeon performed MIS or open surgery.Conclusions
Spinal deformity surgeons lack consensus on the optimal surgical approach for treating ASD. Classifying surgeons as performing MIS or open surgery does not mitigate this variability.Item Open Access Are We Focused on the Wrong Early Postoperative Quality Metrics? Optimal Realignment Outweighs Perioperative Risk in Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery.(Journal of clinical medicine, 2023-08) Passias, Peter G; Williamson, Tyler K; Mir, Jamshaid M; Smith, Justin S; Lafage, Virginie; Lafage, Renaud; Line, Breton; Daniels, Alan H; Gum, Jeffrey L; Schoenfeld, Andrew J; Hamilton, David Kojo; Soroceanu, Alex; Scheer, Justin K; Eastlack, Robert; Mundis, Gregory M; Diebo, Bassel; Kebaish, Khaled M; Hostin, Richard A; Gupta, Munish C; Kim, Han Jo; Klineberg, Eric O; Ames, Christopher P; Hart, Robert A; Burton, Douglas C; Schwab, Frank J; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Bess, Shay; On Behalf Of The International Spine Study GroupBackground
While reimbursement is centered on 90-day outcomes, many patients may still achieve optimal, long-term outcomes following adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery despite transient short-term complications.Objective
Compare long-term clinical success and cost-utility between patients achieving optimal realignment and suboptimally aligned peers.Study design/setting
Retrospective cohort study of a prospectively collected multicenter database.Methods
ASD patients with two-year (2Y) data included. Groups were propensity score matched (PSM) for age, frailty, body mass index (BMI), Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), and baseline deformity. Optimal radiographic criteria are defined as meeting low deformity in all three (Scoliosis Research Society) SRS-Schwab parameters or being proportioned in Global Alignment and Proportionality (GAP). Cost-per-QALY was calculated for each time point. Multivariable logistic regression analysis and ANCOVA (analysis of covariance) adjusting for baseline disability and deformity (pelvic incidence (PI), pelvic incidence minus lumbar lordosis (PI-LL)) were used to determine the significance of surgical details, complications, clinical outcomes, and cost-utility.Results
A total of 930 patients were considered. Following PSM, 253 "optimal" (O) and 253 "not optimal" (NO) patients were assessed. The O group underwent more invasive procedures and had more levels fused. Analysis of complications by two years showed that the O group suffered less overall major (38% vs. 52%, p = 0.021) and major mechanical complications (12% vs. 22%, p = 0.002), and less reoperations (23% vs. 33%, p = 0.008). Adjusted analysis revealed O patients more often met MCID (minimal clinically important difference) in SF-36 PCS, SRS-22 Pain, and Appearance. Cost-utility-adjusted analysis determined that the O group generated better cost-utility by one year and maintained lower overall cost and costs per QALY (both p < 0.001) at two years.Conclusions
Fewer late complications (mechanical and reoperations) are seen in optimally aligned patients, leading to better long-term cost-utility overall. Therefore, the current focus on avoiding short-term complications may be counterproductive, as achieving optimal surgical correction is critical for long-term success.Item Open Access Assessing Abnormal Proximal Junctional Angles in Adult Spinal Deformity: A Normative Data Approach to Define Proximal Junctional Kyphosis.(Spine, 2024-10) Khalifé, Marc; Lafage, Renaud; Daniels, Alan H; Diebo, Bassel G; Elysée, Jonathan; Ames, Christopher P; Bess, Shay R; Burton, Douglas C; Eastlack, Robert K; Gupta, Munish C; Hostin, Richard A; Kebaish, Khaled; Kim, Han-Jo; Klineberg, Eric O; Mundis, Gregory; Okonkwo, David O; Guigui, Pierre; Ferrero, Emmanuelle; Skalli, Wafa; Assi, Ayman; Vergari, Claudio; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Smith, Justin S; Schwab, Frank J; Lafage, Virginie; ISSGStudy design
Multicentric retrospective study of prospectively collected data.Objective
Based on normative data from a cohort of asymptomatic volunteers, this study sought to determine the rate of abnormal values of proximal junctional angles (PJA) in adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery patients, and compare it with PJK rate.Summary of background data
Proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) definition does not take the vertebral level into account.Methods
This study included 721 healthy volunteers and 824 ASD surgery patients with 2-year postoperative follow-up. Normative values for each disc and vertebral body between T1 and T12 were analyzed, then normative values for PJA at each thoracic level were defined in the volunteer cohort as the mean±2 standard deviations. PJA abnormal values at the upper instrumented vertebra (UIV) were compared with Glattes' and Lovecchio's definitions for PJK in the ASD population at two years.Results
Mean age was 37.7±16.3 in the volunteer cohort, with 50.5% of females. Mean thoracic kyphosis (TK) was -50.9±10.8°. Corridors of normality included PJA greater than 20° between T3 and T12. Mean age was 60.5±14.0 years in the ASD cohort, with 77.2% of females. Mean baseline TK was -37.4±19.9°, with a significant increase after surgery (-15.6±15.3°, P<0.001). There was 46.2% of PJK according to Glattes' versus 8.7% according to Lovecchio's and 22.9% of kyphotic PJA compared to normative values (P<0.001).Conclusion
This study provides normative values for segmental and regional alignment of thoracic spine, used to describe abnormal values of PJA for each level. Using level-adjusted PJA values allows a more precise assessment of abnormal proximal angles and question the definition for PJK.Level of evidence
II.Item Open Access Assessment of Adult Spinal Deformity Complication Timing and Impact on 2-Year Outcomes Using a Comprehensive Adult Spinal Deformity Classification System.(Spine, 2022-03) Wick, Joseph B; Le, Hai V; Lafage, Renaud; Gupta, Munish C; Hart, Robert A; Mundis, Gregory M; Bess, Shay; Burton, Douglas C; Ames, Christopher P; Smith, Justin S; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Schwab, Frank J; Passias, Peter G; Protopsaltis, Themistocles S; Lafage, Virginie; Klineberg, Eric O; International Spine Study GroupStudy design
Retrospective review of prospectively collected multicenter registry data.Objective
To identify rates and timing of postoperative complications in adult spinal deformity (ASD) patients, the impact of complication type and timing on health related quality of life (HRQoL) outcomes, and the impact of complication timing on readmission and reoperation rates. Better understanding of complication timing and impact on HRQoL may improve patient selection, preoperative counseling, and postoperative complication surveillance.Summary of background data
ASD is common and associated with significant disability. Surgical correction is often pursued, but is associated with high complication rates. The International Spine Study Group, AO Spinal Deformity Forum, and European Spine Study Group have developed a new complication classification system for ASD (ISSG-AO spine complications classification system).Methods
The ISSG-AO spine complications classification system was utilized to assess complications occurring over the 2-year postoperative time period amongst a multicenter, prospectively enrolled cohort of patients who underwent surgery for ASD. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were established for each complication type. Propensity score matching was performed to adjust for baseline disability and comorbidities. Associations between each complication type and HRQoL, and reoperation/readmission and complication timing, were assessed.Results
Of 584 patients meeting inclusion criteria, cardiopulmonary, gastrointestinal, infection, early adverse events, and operative complications contributed to a rapid initial decrease in complication-free survival. Implant-related, radiographic, and neurologic complications substantially decreased long-term complication-free survival. Only radiographic and implant-related complications were significantly associated with worse 2-year HRQoL outcomes. Need for readmission and/or reoperation was most frequent among those experiencing complications after postoperative day 90.Conclusion
Surgeons should recognize that long-term complications have a substantial negative impact on HRQoL, and should carefully monitor for implant-related and radiographic complications over long-term follow-up.Level of Evidence: 4.Item Open Access Assessment of Surgical Treatment Strategies for Moderate to Severe Cervical Spinal Deformity Reveals Marked Variation in Approaches, Osteotomies, and Fusion Levels.(World neurosurgery, 2016-07) Smith, Justin S; Klineberg, Eric; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Lafage, Virginie; Schwab, Frank J; Protopsaltis, Themistocles; Scheer, Justin K; Ailon, Tamir; Ramachandran, Subaraman; Daniels, Alan; Mundis, Gregory; Gupta, Munish; Hostin, Richard; Deviren, Vedat; Eastlack, Robert; Passias, Peter; Hamilton, D Kojo; Hart, Robert; Burton, Douglas C; Bess, Shay; Ames, Christopher P; International Spine Study GroupObjective
Although previous reports suggest that surgery can improve the pain and disability of cervical spinal deformity (CSD), techniques are not standardized. Our objective was to assess for consensus on recommended surgical plans for CSD treatment.Methods
Eighteen CSD cases were assembled, including a clinical vignette, cervical imaging (radiography, computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging), and full-length standing radiography. Fourteen deformity surgeons (10 orthopedic, 4 neurosurgery) were queried regarding recommended surgical plans.Results
There was marked variation in treatment plans across all deformity types. Even for the least complex deformities (moderate midcervical apex kyphosis), there was lack of agreement on approach (50% combined anterior-posterior, 25% anterior only, 25% posterior only), number of anterior (range, 2-6) and posterior (range, 4-16) fusion levels, and types of osteotomies. As the kyphosis apex moved caudally (cervical-thoracic junction/upper thoracic spine) and for cases with chin-on-chest kyphosis, >80% of surgeons agreed on a posterior-only approach and >70% recommended a pedicle subtraction osteotomy or vertebral column resection, but the range in number of anterior (4-8) and posterior (4-27) fusion levels was exceptionally broad. Cases of cervical/cervical-thoracic scoliosis had the least agreement for approach (48% posterior only, 33% combined anterior-posterior, 17% anterior-posterior-anterior or posterior-anterior-posterior, 2% anterior only) and had broad variation in the number of anterior (2-5) and posterior (6-19) fusion levels, and recommended osteotomies (41% pedicle subtraction osteotomy/vertebral column resection).Conclusions
Among a panel of deformity surgeons, there was marked lack of consensus on recommended surgical approach, osteotomies, and fusion levels for CSD. Further study is warranted to assess whether specific surgical treatment approaches are associated with better outcomes.Item Unknown Can unsupervised cluster analysis identify patterns of complex adult spinal deformity with distinct perioperative outcomes?(Journal of neurosurgery. Spine, 2023-05) Lafage, Renaud; Fourman, Mitchell S; Smith, Justin S; Bess, Shay; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Kim, Han Jo; Kebaish, Khaled M; Burton, Douglas C; Hostin, Richard; Passias, Peter G; Protopsaltis, Themistocles S; Daniels, Alan H; Klineberg, Eric O; Gupta, Munish C; Kelly, Michael P; Lenke, Lawrence G; Schwab, Frank J; Lafage, Virginie; International Spine Study GroupObjective
The objective of this study was to use an unsupervised cluster approach to identify patterns of operative adult spinal deformity (ASD) and compare the perioperative outcomes of these groups.Methods
A multicenter data set included patients with complex surgical ASD, including those with severe deformities, significant surgical complexity, or advanced age who underwent a multilevel fusion. An unsupervised cluster analysis allowing for 10% outliers was used to identify different deformity patterns. The perioperative outcomes of these clusters were then compared using ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and chi-square tests, with p values < 0.05 considered significant.Results
Two hundred eighty-six patients were classified into four clusters of deformity patterns: hyper-thoracic kyphosis (hyper-TK), severe coronal, severe sagittal, and moderate sagittal. Hyper-TK patients had the lowest disability (mean Oswestry Disability Index [ODI] 32.9 ± 17.1) and pain scores (median numeric rating scale [NRS] back score 6, leg score 1). The severe coronal cluster had moderate functional impairment (mean physical component score 34.4 ± 12.3) and pain (median NRS back score 7, leg score 4) scores. The severe sagittal cluster had the highest levels of disability (mean ODI 49.3 ± 15.6) and low appearance scores (mean 2.3 ± 0.7). The moderate cluster (mean 68.8 ± 7.8 years) had the highest pain interference subscores on the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (mean 65.2 ± 5.8). Overall 30-day adverse events were equivalent among the four groups. Fusion to the pelvis was most common in the moderate sagittal (89.4%) and severe sagittal (97.5%) clusters. The severe coronal cluster had more osteotomies per case (median 11, IQR 6.5-14) and a higher rate of 30-day implant-related complications (5.5%). The severe sagittal and hyper-TK clusters had more three-column osteotomies (43% and 32.3%, respectively). Hyper-TK patients had shorter hospital stays.Conclusions
This cohort of patients with complex ASD surgeries contained four natural clusters of deformity, each with distinct perioperative outcomes.Item Unknown Cell Saver for Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery Reduces Cost.(Spine deformity, 2017-07) Gum, Jeffrey L; Carreon, Leah Yacat; Kelly, Michael P; Hostin, Richard; Robinson, Chessie; Burton, Douglas C; Polly, David W; Shaffrey, Christopher I; LaFage, Virginie; Schwab, Frank J; Ames, Christopher P; Kim, Han Jo; Smith, Justin S; Bess, R Shay; International Spine Study GroupStudy design
Retrospective cohort.Objectives
To determine if the use of cell saver reduces overall blood costs in adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery.Summary of background data
Recent studies have questioned the clinical value of cell saver during spine procedures.Methods
ASD patients enrolled in a prospective, multicenter surgical database who had complete preoperative and surgical data were identified. Patients were stratified into (1) cell saver available during surgery, but no intraoperative autologous infusion (No Infusion group), or (2) cell saver available and received autologous infusion (Infusion group).Results
There were 427 patients in the Infusion group and 153 in the No infusion group. Patients in both groups had similar demographics. Mean autologous infusion volume was 698 mL. The Infusion group had a higher percentage of EBL relative to the estimated blood volume (42.2%) than the No Infusion group (19.6%, p < .000). Allogeneic transfusion was more common in the Infusion group (255/427, 60%) than the No Infusion group (67/153, 44%, p = .001). The number of allogeneic blood units transfused was also higher in the Infusion group (2.4) than the No Infusion group (1.7, p = .009). Total blood costs ranged from $396 to $2,146 in the No Infusion group and from $1,262 to $5,088 in the Infusion group. If the cost of cell saver blood was transformed into costs of allogeneic blood, total blood costs for the Infusion group would range from $840 to $5,418. Thus, cell saver use yielded a mean cost savings ranging from $330 to $422 (allogeneic blood averted). Linear regression showed that after an EBL of 614 mL, cell saver becomes cost-efficient.Conclusion
Compared to transfusing allogeneic blood, cell saver autologous infusion did not reduce the proportion or the volume of allogeneic transfusion for patients undergoing surgery for adult spinal deformity. The use of cell saver becomes cost-efficient above an EBL of 614 mL, producing a cost savings of $330 to $422.Level of evidence
Level III.Item Unknown Cervical deformity patients with baseline hyperlordosis or hyperkyphosis differ in surgical treatment and radiographic outcomes(Journal of Craniovertebral Junction and Spine, 2021-07-01) Alas, Haddy; Passias, Peter Gust; Diebo, Bassel G; Brown, Avery E; Pierce, Katherine E; Bortz, Cole; Lafage, Renaud; Ames, Christopher P; Line, Breton; Klineberg, Eric O; Burton, Douglas C; Uribe, Juan S; Kim, Han Jo; Daniels, Alan H; Bess, Shay; Protopsaltis, Themistocles; Mundis, Gregory M; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Schwab, Frank J; Smith, Justin S; Lafage, VirginieIntroduction: Patients with symptomatic cervical deformity (CD) requiring surgical correction often present with hyperkyphosis (HK), though patients with hyperlordotic curves may require surgery as well. Few studies have investigated differences in CD-corrective surgery with regards to HK and hyperlordosis (HL). Materials and Methods: Operative CD patients (C2-C7 Cobb >10°, cervical lordosis [CL] >10°, cervical sagittal vertical axis [cSVA] >4 cm, chin-brow vertical angle >25°) with baseline (BL) and 1Y radiographic data. Patients were stratified based on BL C2-7 lordosis (CL) angle: those >1 standard deviation (SD) from the mean (-6.96° ±21.47°) were hyperlordotic (>14.51°) or hyperkyphotic (≤28.43°) depending on directionality. Patients within 1 SD were considered the control group. Results: One hundred and two surgical CD pts (61 years, 65%F, 30 kg/m 2) with BL and 1Y radiographic data were included. Twenty pts met definitions for HK and 21 pts met definitions for HL. No differences in demographics or disability were noted. HK had higher estimated blood loss (EBL) with anterior approaches than HL but similar EBL with the posterior approach. Op-time did not differ between groups. Control, HL, and HK groups differed in BL TS-CL (36.6° vs. 22.5° vs. 60.7°, P < 0.001) and BL-sagittal vertical axis (SVA) (10.8 vs. 7.0 vs. -47.8 mm, P = 0.001). HL pts had less discectomies, less corpectomies, and similar osteotomy rates to HK. HL had × 3 revisions of HK and controls (28.6 vs. 10.0 vs. 9.2%, respectively, P = 0.046). At 1Y, HL pts had higher cSVA, and trended higher SVA and SS than HK. In terms of BL-upper cervical alignment, HK pts had higher McGregor's-slope (16.1° vs. -3.3°, P = 0.001) and C0-C2 Cobb (43.3° vs. 26.9°, P < 0.001), however postoperative differences in McGregor's slope and C0-C2 were not significant. HK drivers of deformity were primarily C (90%), whereas HL had primary computed tomography (38.1%), upper thoracic (23.8%), and C (14.3%) drivers. Conclusions: Hyperlodotic patients trended higher revision rates with greater radiographic malalignment at 1Y postoperative, perhaps due to undercorrection compared to kyphotic etiologies.Item Unknown Cervical deformity patients with baseline hyperlordosis or hyperkyphosis differ in surgical treatment and radiographic outcomes(Journal of Craniovertebral Junction and Spine, 2022-07-01) Passias, Peter Gust; Alas, Haddy; Kummer, Nicholas; Tretiakov, Peter; Diebo, Bassel G; Lafage, Renaud; Ames, Christopher P; Line, Breton; Klineberg, Eric O; Burton, Douglas C; Uribe, Juan S; Kim, Han Jo; Daniels, Alan H; Bess, Shay; Protopsaltis, Themistocles; Mundis, Gregory M; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Schwab, Frank J; Smith, Justin S; Lafage, Virginie; International Spine Study GroupBackground: Patients with symptomatic cervical deformity (CD) requiring surgical correction often present with hyperkyphosis (HK), although patients with hyperlordotic curves may require surgery as well. Few studies have investigated differences in CD corrective surgery with regard to HK and hyperlordosis (HL). Objective: The objective of the study is to evaluate patterns in treatment for CD patients with baseline (BL) HK and HL and understand how extreme curvature of the spine may influence surgical outcomes. Materials and Methods: Operative CD patients with BL and 1-year (1Y) radiographic data were included in the study. Patients were stratified based on BL C2-C7 lordosis (CL) angle: those >1 standard deviation (SD) from the mean (-6.96 ± 21.47°) were hyperlordotic (>14.51°) or hyperkyphotic (<-28.43°) depending on directionality. Patients within 1SD were considered control group. Results: 102 surgical CD patients (61 years, 65% F, 30 kg/m 2) with BL and 1Y radiographic data were included. 20 patients met definitions for HK and 21 patients met definitions for HL. No differences in demographics or disability were noted. HK had higher estimated blood loss (EBL) with anterior approaches than HL but similar EBL with posterior approach. Operative time did not differ between groups. Control, HL, and HK groups differed in BL TS-CL (36.6° vs. 22.5° vs. 60.7°, P < 0.001) and BL-SVA (10.8 vs. 7.0 vs. -47.8 mm, P = 0.001). HL patients had less discectomies, less corpectomies, and similar osteotomy rates to HK. HL had 3x revisions of HK and controls (28.6 vs. 10.0 vs. 9.2%, respectively, P = 0.046). At 1Y, HL patients had higher cSVA and trended higher SVA and SS than HK. In terms of BL-upper cervical alignment, HK patients had higher McGregor's slope (MGS) (16.1° vs. 3.3°, P = 0.002) and C0-C2 Cobb (43.3° vs. 26.9°, P < 0.001), however, postoperative differences in MGS and C0-C2 were not significant. HK drivers of deformity were primarily C (90%), whereas HL had primary CT (38.1%), UT (23.8%), and C (14.3%) drivers. Conclusions: Hyperlodotic patients trended higher revision rates with greater radiographic malalignment at 1-year postoperative, perhaps due to undercorrection compared to kyphotic etiologies.Item Unknown Cervical, Thoracic, and Spinopelvic Compensation After Proximal Junctional Kyphosis (PJK): Does Location of PJK Matter?(Global spine journal, 2020-02) Kim, Han Jo; York, Philip J; Elysee, Jonathan C; Shaffrey, Christopher; Burton, Douglas C; Ames, Christopher P; Mundis, Gregory M; Hostin, Richard; Bess, Shay; Klineberg, Eric; Smith, Justin S; Passias, Peter; Schwab, Frank; Lafage, Renaud; International Spine Study Group(ISSG)Study design
Retrospective case series.Objective
Compensatory changes above a proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) have not been defined. Understanding these mechanisms may help determine optimal level selection when performing revision for PJK. This study investigates how varying PJK location changes proximal spinal alignment.Methods
Patients were grouped by upper instrumented vertebrae (UIV): lower thoracic (LT; T8-L1) or upper thoracic (UT; T1-7). Alignment parameters were compared. Correlation analysis was performed between PJK magnitude and global/cervical alignment.Results
A total of 369 patients were included; mean age of 63 years, body mass index 28, and 81% female, LT (n = 193) versus UT (n = 176). The rate of radiographic PJK was 49%, higher in the LT group (55% vs 42%, P = .01). The UT group displayed significant differences in all cervical radiographic parameters (P < .05) between PJK versus non-PJK patients, while the LT group displayed significant differences in T1S and C2-T3 sagittal vertical axis (SVA) (CTS). In comparing UT versus LT patients, UT had more posterior global alignment (smaller TPA [T1 pelvic angle], SVA, and larger PT [pelvic tilt]) and larger anterior cervical alignment (greater cSVA [cervical SVA], T1S-CL [T1 slope-cervical lordosis] mismatch, CTS) compared to LT. Correlation analysis of PJK magnitude and location demonstrated a correlation with increases in CL, T1S, and CTS in the UT group. In the LT group, PT increased with PJK angle (r = 0.17) and no significant correlations were noted to SVA, cSVA, or T1S-CL.Conclusions
PJK location influences compensation mechanisms of the cervical and thoracic spine. LT PJK results in increased PT and CL with decreased CTS. UT PJK increases CL to counter increases in T1S with continued T1S-CL mismatch and elevated cSVA.Item Unknown Changes in health-related quality of life measures associated with degree of proximal junctional kyphosis.(Spine deformity, 2023-05) Passias, Peter G; Frangella, Nicholas J; Williamson, Tyler K; Moattari, Kevin A; Lafage, Renaud; Lafage, Virginie; Smith, Justin S; Kebaish, Khaled M; Burton, Douglas C; Hart, Robert A; Ames, Christopher P; Bess, Shay; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Schwab, Frank J; International Spine Study GroupPurpose
To explore the changes in health-related quality of life parameters observed in patients experiencing varying degrees of proximal junctional kyphosis following corrective adult spinal deformity fusions.Methods
Inclusion: adult spinal deformity patients > 18 y/o, undergoing spinal fusion. PJK: ≥ 10° measure of the sagittal Cobb angle between the inferior endplate of the UIV and the superior endplate of the UIV + 2. Severe PJK: > 28° PJK. Mild PJK: ≥ 10oand ≤ 28°. ANOVA, followed by ANCOVA, compared the change in HRQoLs between time points (BL, 1Y, 2Y) among PJK groups. Correlation-related change in PJK and change in HRQoL for mild and severe groups.Results
969 patients (age: 64.5 y/o,75% F, posterior levels fused:12.3) were studied. 59% no PJK, 32% mild PJK, 9% severe PJK. No differences in HRQoLs were seen between no PJK and PJK groups at baseline, one year, and 2 years. Adjusted analysis revealed Severe PJK patients improved less in SRS-22 Satisfaction (NoPJK: 1.6, MildPJK: 1.6, SeverePJK: 1.0; p = 0.022) scores at 2 years. Linear regression analysis only found clinical improvement in SRS-22 Satisfaction to correlate with the change of the PJK angle by 2 years (R = 0.176, P = 0.008). No other HRQoL metric correlated with either the incidence of PJK or the change in the PJK angle by one or 2 years.Conclusions
These results maintain that patients presenting with and without proximal junctional kyphosis report similar health-related qualities of life following corrective adult spinal deformity surgery, and SRS-22 Satisfaction may be a clinical correlate to the degree of PJK. Rather than proving proximal junctional kyphosis to have a minimal clinical impact overall on HRQoL metrics, these data suggest that future analysis of this phenomenon requires different assessments.Level of evidence
Level of evidence: III.Item Unknown Comparing and Contrasting the Clinical Utility of Sagittal Spine Alignment Classification Frameworks: Roussouly Versus SRS-Schwab.(Spine, 2022-03) Passias, Peter G; Bortz, Cole; Pierce, Katherine E; Passfall, Lara; Kummer, Nicholas A; Krol, Oscar; Lafage, Renaud; Diebo, Bassel G; Lafage, Virginie; Ames, Christopher P; Burton, Douglas C; Gupta, Munish C; Sciubba, Daniel M; Schoenfeld, Andrew J; Bess, Shay; Hostin, Richard; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Line, Breton G; Klineberg, Eric O; Smith, Justin S; Schwab, Frank J; International Spine Study GroupStudy design
Retrospective cohort study of a prospectively collected database.Objective
To compare clinical utility of two common classification systems for adult spinal deformity (ASD) and determine whether both should be considered in surgical planning to improve patient outcomes.Summary of background data
Surgical restoration of appropriate Roussouly classification shape or SRS-Schwab ASD classification may improve outcomes.Methods
ASD patients with pre- and 2-year postop (2Y) radiographic/health-related quality of life (HRQL) data were grouped by "theoretical" and "current" Roussouly type. Univariate analyses assessed outcomes of patients who mismatched Roussouly types at both pre- and 2Y intervals (Mismatched) and those of preoperative mismatched patients who matched at 2-years (Matched). Subanalysis assessed outcomes of patients who improved in Schwab modifiers, and patients who both improved in both Schwab modifiers and matched Roussouly type by 2Y.Results
Included: 515 ASD patients (59 ± 14 yrs, 80% F). Preoperative breakdown of "current" Roussouly types: Type 1 (10%), 2 (54%), 3 (24%), and 4 (12%). Matched and Mismatched groups did not differ in rates of reaching MCID for any HRQL metrics by 2Y (all P > 0.10). Reoperation, PJK, and complications did not differ between Matched and Mismatched (all P > 0.10), but Roussouly Matched patients had toward lower rates of instrumentation failure (17.2% vs. 24.8%, P = 0.038). By 2Y, 28% of patients improved in PT Schwab modifier, 37% in SVA, and 46% in PI-LL. Patients who both Matched Roussouly at 2Y and improved in all Schwab modifiers met MCID for Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Scoliosis Research Society (SRS) activity at higher rates than patients who did not.Conclusion
Isolated restoration per the Roussouly system was not associated with superior outcomes. Patients who both matched Roussouly type and improved in Schwab modifiers had superior patient-reported outcomes at 2-years. Concurrent consideration of both systems may offer utility in establishing optimal realignment goals.Level of Evidence: 3.Item Unknown Comparison of best versus worst clinical outcomes for adult spinal deformity surgery: a retrospective review of a prospectively collected, multicenter database with 2-year follow-up.(Journal of neurosurgery. Spine, 2015-09) Smith, Justin S; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Lafage, Virginie; Schwab, Frank; Scheer, Justin K; Protopsaltis, Themistocles; Klineberg, Eric; Gupta, Munish; Hostin, Richard; Fu, Kai-Ming G; Mundis, Gregory M; Kim, Han Jo; Deviren, Vedat; Soroceanu, Alex; Hart, Robert A; Burton, Douglas C; Bess, Shay; Ames, Christopher P; International Spine Study GroupObject
Although recent studies suggest that average clinical outcomes are improved following surgery for selected adult spinal deformity (ASD) patients, these outcomes span a broad range. Few studies have specifically addressed factors that may predict favorable clinical outcomes. The objective of this study was to compare patients with ASD with best versus worst clinical outcomes following surgical treatment to identify distinguishing factors that may prove useful for patient counseling and optimization of clinical outcomes.Methods
This is a retrospective review of a prospectively collected, multicenter, database of consecutively enrolled patients with ASD who were treated operatively. Inclusion criteria were age > 18 years and ASD. For patients with a minimum of 2-year follow-up, those with best versus worst outcomes were compared separately based on Scoliosis Research Society-22 (SRS-22) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores. Only patients with a baseline SRS-22 ≤ 3.5 or ODI ≥ 30 were included to minimize ceiling/floor effects. Best and worst outcomes were defined for SRS-22 (≥ 4.5 and ≤ 2.5, respectively) and ODI (≤ 15 and ≥ 50, respectively).Results
Of 257 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 227 (88%) had complete baseline and 2-year follow-up SRS-22 and ODI outcomes scores and radiographic imaging and were analyzed in the present study. Of these 227 patients, 187 had baseline SRS-22 scores ≤ 3.5, and 162 had baseline ODI scores ≥ 30. Forthe SRS-22, best and worst outcomes criteria were met at follow-up for 25 and 27 patients, respectively. For the ODI, best and worst outcomes criteria were met at follow-up for 43 and 51 patients, respectively. With respect to the SRS-22, compared with best outcome patients, those with worst outcomes had higher baseline SRS-22 scores (p < 0.0001), higher prevalence of baseline depression (p < 0.001), more comorbidities (p = 0.012), greater prevalence of prior surgery (p = 0.007), a higher complication rate (p = 0.012), and worse baseline deformity (sagittal vertical axis [SVA], p = 0.045; pelvic incidence [PI] and lumbar lordosis [LL] mismatch, p = 0.034). The best-fit multivariate model for SRS-22 included baseline SRS-22 (p = 0.033), baseline depression (p = 0.012), and complications (p = 0.030). With respect to the ODI, compared with best outcome patients, those with worst outcomes had greater baseline ODI scores (p < 0.001), greater baseline body mass index (BMI; p = 0.002), higher prevalence of baseline depression (p < 0.028), greater baseline SVA (p = 0.016), a higher complication rate (p = 0.02), and greater 2-year SVA (p < 0.001) and PI-LL mismatch (p = 0.042). The best-fit multivariate model for ODI included baseline ODI score (p < 0.001), 2-year SVA (p = 0.014) and baseline BMI (p = 0.037). Age did not distinguish best versus worst outcomes for SRS-22 or ODI (p > 0.1).Conclusions
Few studies have specifically addressed factors that distinguish between the best versus worst clinical outcomes for ASD surgery. In this study, baseline and perioperative factors distinguishing between the best and worst outcomes for ASD surgery included several patient factors (baseline depression, BMI, comorbidities, and disability), as well as residual deformity (SVA), and occurrence of complications. These findings suggest factors that may warrant greater awareness among clinicians to achieve optimal surgical outcomes for patients with ASD.Item Unknown Comparison of Structural Disease Burden to Health-related Quality of Life Scores in 264 Adult Spinal Deformity Patients With 2-Year Follow-up: Novel Insights into Drivers of Disability.(Clinical spine surgery, 2017-03) Bakhsheshian, Joshua; Scheer, Justin K; Gum, Jeffrey L; Horner, Lance; Hostin, Richard; Lafage, Virginie; Bess, Shay; Protopsaltis, Themistocles S; Burton, Douglas C; Keefe, Malla; Hart, Robert A; Mundis, Gregory M; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Schwab, Frank; Smith, Justin S; Ames, Christopher P; International Spine Study Group (ISSG)Study design
This is a review of a prospective multicenter database.Objective
To investigate the relationship between preoperative disability and sagittal deformity in patients with high Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and no sagittal malalignment, or low ODI and high sagittal malalignment.Summary of background data
The relationship between ODI and sagittal malalignment varies between each adult spinal deformity (ASD) patient.Methods
A prospective multicenter database of 365 patients with ASD undergoing surgical reconstruction was analyzed. Inclusion criteria entailed: age 18 years or above and the presence of spinal deformity as defined by a coronal Cobb angle≥20 degrees, sagittal vertical axis (SVA)≥5 cm, pelvic tilt (PT) angle≥25 degrees, or thoracic kyphosis≥60 degrees. Radiographic and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) variables were examined and compared, preoperatively and at 2-year postoperative follow-up. Group 1 (low disability high sagittal-LDHS) consisted of ODI<40 and SVA≥5 cm or PT≥25 degrees or pelvic incidence-lumbar lordosis≥11 degrees and group 2 (high disability low sagittal-HDLS) consisted of ODI>40 and SVA<5 cm and PT<25 degrees and pelvic incidence-lumbar lordosis<11 degrees.Results
Of 264 patients with follow-up, 58 (22.0%) patients were included in LDHS and 30 (11.4%) were included in HDLS. Both groups had similar demographics and preoperative coronal angles. HDLS had worse baseline HRQOL for all measures (P<0.05) except leg and back pain. HDLS had a higher rate of self-reported leg weakness, arthritis, depression and neurological disorder. Both groups had similar 2-year improvements in HRQOL (P>0.05), except only HDLS had a significant Scoliosis Research Society Mental improvement and a significantly higher rate of reaching minimal clinically important differences in Scoliosis Research Society Mental scores (P<0.05).Conclusions
There is an association of worse baseline HRQOL measures, weakness, arthritis, and mental disease in HDLS. Furthermore, HDLS patients demonstrated similar improvements to LDHS. However, HDLS had greater improvements in the mental domains, perhaps indicating the responsiveness of the mental disability to surgical treatment.Level of evidence
Level III.Item Unknown Compensation from mild and severe cases of early proximal junctional kyphosis may manifest as progressive cervical deformity at two year follow-up.(Spine deformity, 2023-12) Passias, Peter G; Naessig, Sara; Williamson, Tyler K; Lafage, Renaud; Lafage, Virginie; Smith, Justin S; Gupta, Munish C; Klineberg, Eric; Burton, Douglas C; Ames, Christopher; Bess, Shay; Shaffrey, Christopher; Schwab, Frank J; International Spine Study Group (ISSG)Background
Postoperative reciprocal changes (RC) in the cervical spine associated with varying factors of proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) following fusions of the thoracopelvic spine are poorly understood.Purpose
Explore reciprocal changes in the cervical spine associated with varying factors (severity, progression, patient age) of PJK in patients undergoing adult spinal deformity (ASD) correction.Patients and methods
Retrospective review of a multicenter ASD database.Inclusion
ASD patients > 18 y/o, undergoing fusions from the thoracic spine (UIV: T6-T12) to the pelvis with two-year radiographic data. ASD was defined as: Coronal Cobb angle ≥ 20°, Sagittal Vertical Axis ≥ 5 cm, Pelvic Tilt ≥ 25°, and/or Thoracic Kyphosis ≥ 60°. PJK was defined as a ≥ 10° measure of the sagittal Cobb angle between the inferior endplate of the UIV and the superior endplate of the UIV + 2. Patients were grouped by mild (M; 10°-20°) and severe (S; > 20°) PJK at one year. Propensity Score Matching (PSM) controlled for CCI, age, PI and UIV. Unpaired and paired t test analyses determined difference between RC parameters and change between time points. Pearson bi-variate correlations analyzed associations between RC parameters (T4-T12, TS-CL, cSVA, C2-Slope, and T1-Slope) and PJK descriptors.Results
284 ASD patients (UIV: T6: 1.1%; T7: 0.7%; T8: 4.6%; T9: 9.9%; T10: 58.8%; T11: 19.4%; T12: 5.6%) were studied. PJK analysis consisted of 182 patients (Mild = 91 and Severe = 91). Significant difference between M and S groups were observed in T4-T12 Δ1Y(- 16.8 v - 22.8, P = 0.001), TS-CLΔ1Y(- 0.6 v 2.8, P = 0.037), cSVAΔ1Y(- 1.8 v 1.9, P = 0.032), and C2 slopeΔ1Y(- 1.6 v 2.3, P = 0.022). By two years post-op, all changes in cervical alignment parameters were similar between mild and severe groups. Correlation between age and cSVAΔ1Y(R = 0.153, P = 0.034) was found. Incidence of severe PJK was found to correlate with TS-CLΔ1Y(R = 0.142, P = 0.049), cSVAΔ1Y(R = 0.171, P = 0.018), C2SΔ1Y(R = 0.148, P = 0.040), and T1SΔ2Y(R = 0.256, P = 0.003).Conclusions
Compensation within the cervical spine differed between individuals with mild and severe PJK at one year postoperatively. However, similar levels of pathologic change in cervical alignment parameters were seen by two years, highlighting the progression of cervical compensation due to mild PJK over time. These findings provide greater evidence for the development of cervical deformity in individuals presenting with proximal junctional kyphosis.Item Unknown Complication Rates Following Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery: Evaluation of the Category of Complication and Chronology.(Spine, 2024-02) Lafage, Renaud; Bass, R Daniel; Klineberg, Eric; Smith, Justin S; Bess, Shay; Shaffrey, Christopher; Burton, Douglas C; Kim, Han Jo; Eastlack, Robert; Mundis, Gregory; Ames, Christopher P; Passias, Peter G; Gupta, Munish; Hostin, Richard; Hamilton, Kojo; Schwab, Frank; Lafage, Virginie; International Spine Study GroupObjective
Provide benchmarks for the rates of complications by type and timing.Study design
Prospective multicenter database.Background
Complication rates following adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery have been previously reported. However, the interplay between timing and complication type warrants further analysis.Methods
The data for this study were sourced from a prospective, multicenter ASD database. Date and type of complication were collected and classified into three severity groups (minor, major, major leading to reoperation). Only complications occurring before the 2-year visit were retained for analysis.Results
Of the 1260 patients eligible for 2-year follow-up, 997 (79.1%) achieved 2-year follow-up. The overall complication rate was 67.4% (N=672). 247 patients (24.8%) experienced at least one complication on the day of surgery (including intra-operatively), 359 (36.0%) between post-op day 1 and 6 weeks post-op, 271 (27.2%) between 6 weeks and 1 one -year post-op, and finally 162 (16.3%) between 1 year and 2 years post-op. Using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, the rate of remaining complication-free was estimated at different time points for different severities and types of complications. Stratification by type of complication demonstrated that most of the medical complications occurred within the first 60 days. Surgical complications presented over two distinct timeframes. Operative complications, incision-related complications, and infections occurred early (within 60 d), while implant-related and radiographic complications occurred at a constant rate over the 2-year follow-up period. Neurologic complications had the highest occurrence within the first 60 days but continued to increase up to the 2-year visit.Conclusion
Only one-third of ASD patients remained complication-free by 2 years, and 2 out of 10 patients had a complication requiring a reoperation or revision. Estimation of timing and type of complication associated with surgical treatment may prove useful for more meaningful patient counseling and aid in assessing the cost-effectiveness of treatment.Item Open Access Contemporary utilization of three-column osteotomy techniques in a prospective complex spinal deformity multicenter database: implications on full-body alignment and perioperative course.(Spine deformity, 2024-06) Williamson, Tyler K; Mir, Jamshaid M; Smith, Justin S; Lafage, Virginie; Lafage, Renaud; Line, Breton; Diebo, Bassel G; Daniels, Alan H; Gum, Jeffrey L; Hamilton, D Kojo; Scheer, Justin K; Eastlack, Robert; Demetriades, Andreas K; Kebaish, Khaled M; Lewis, Stephen; Lenke, Lawrence G; Hostin, Richard A; Gupta, Munish C; Kim, Han Jo; Ames, Christopher P; Burton, Douglas C; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Klineberg, Eric O; Bess, Shay; Passias, Peter G; International Spine Study GroupBackground
Research has focused on the increased correction from a three-column osteotomy (3CO) during adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery. However, an in-depth analysis on the performance of a 3CO in a cohort of complex spinal deformity cases has not been described.Study design/setting
This is a retrospective study on a prospectively enrolled, complex ASD database.Purpose
This study aimed to determine if three-column osteotomies demonstrate superior benefit in correction of complex sagittal deformity at the cost of increased perioperative complications.Methods
Surgical complex adult spinal deformity patients were included and grouped into thoracolumbar 3COs compared to those who did not have a 3CO (No 3CO) (remaining cohort). Rigid deformity was defined as ΔLL less than 33% from standing to supine. Severe deformity was defined as global (SVA > 70 mm) or C7-PL > 70 mm, or lumbopelvic (PI-LL > 30°). Means comparison tests assessed correction by 3CO grade/location. Multivariate analysis controlling for baseline deformity evaluated outcomes up to six weeks compared to No 3CO.Results
648 patients were included (Mean age 61 ± 14.6 years, BMI 27.55 ± 5.8 kg/m2, levels fused: 12.6 ± 3.8). 126 underwent 3CO, a 20% higher usage than historical cohorts. 3COs were older, frail, and more likely to undergo revision (OR 5.2, 95% CI [2.6-10.6]; p < .001). 3COs were more likely to present with both severe global/lumbopelvic deformity (OR 4), 62.4% being rigid. 3COs had greater use of secondary rods (OR 4st) and incurred 4 times greater risk for: massive blood loss (> 3500 mL), longer LOS, SICU admission, perioperative wound and spine-related complications, and neurologic complications when performed below L3. 3COs had similar HRQL benefit, but higher perioperative opioid use. Mean segmental correction increased by grade (G3-21; G4-24; G5-27) and was 4 × greater than low-grade osteotomies, especially below L3 (OR 12). 3COs achieved 2 × greater spinopelvic correction. Higher grades properly distributed lordosis 50% of the time except L5. Pelvic compensation and non-response were relieved more often with increasing grade, with greater correction in all lower extremity parameters (p < .01). Due to the increased rate of complications, 3COs trended toward higher perioperative cost ($42,806 vs. $40,046, p = .086).Conclusion
Three-column osteotomy usage in contemporary complex spinal deformities is generally limited to more disabled individuals undergoing the most severe sagittal and coronal realignment procedures. While there is an increased perioperative cost and prolongation of length of stay with usage, these techniques represent the most powerful realignment techniques available with a dramatic impact on normalization at operative levels and reciprocal changes.