Browsing by Author "Gereffi, G"
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Item Open Access A Global Value Chain Perspective on Industrial Policy and Development in Emerging Markets(Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law, 2014) Gereffi, GItem Open Access América Latina en las cadenas globales de valor y el papel de China(Boletín Informativo Techint, 2015-12-10) Gereffi, GEn este artículo se analiza la posición de América Latina y el Caribe en las cadenas globales de valor (CGV), con énfasis en el impacto de China sobre la competitividad de la región. Mientras que Brasil, los países andinos y otras economías de América del Sur tienen fortalezas históricas en el área de materias primas de recursos naturales, México, América Central y el Caribe tienen un perfil muy distinto en las CGV, mediante la exportación a EE.UU. tanto de productos primarios como de productos manufacturados. China ha sido tanto un impulso como una carga para la competitividad de las economías de América Latina en los últimos años. El importante nivel de importaciones minerales y agrícolas de China provenientes de América Latina desde principios de la década de 2000 impulsó el auge de exportación de productos primarios de la región, pero la demanda de China de esas materias primas se redujo de manera abrupta, y el crecimiento económico de América del Sur se estancó. Entretanto, las exportaciones manufacturadas destinadas al mercado estadounidense se quitaron con una parte sustancial de la participación en el mercado de México y las economías de América Central. El principal desafío para América Latina es determinar cómo pueden los países capturar un mayor valor agregado y nichos sostenibles en las CGV de recursos naturales y manufacturas, a fin de mantener su competitividad en la economía mundial.Item Open Access An integrative typology of global strategy and global value chains: The management and organization of cross-border activities(Global Strategy Journal, 2020-08-01) Pananond, P; Gereffi, G; Pedersen, T© 2020 Strategic Management Society Research summary: We contend that a synthesis between the literatures on global strategy and global value chains (GVCs) is mutually beneficial. A typology of four themes—managed cross-border activities, network optimization, bottom-up upgrading, and strategic coevolution—illustrates the underlying concepts and mechanisms that these two approaches share in common. Our integrative typology provides an analytical framework to understand the interplay between the statics of GVC governance and the dynamics of firm strategy. Firm-level actions are a key factor in effective GVC-level policy making, and our framework provides a roadmap to analyze how major disruptions, such as digitalization and pandemics, affect the symbiotic relationships between GVCs and firm strategy. Managerial summary: While the global strategy literature has underplayed the interdependence among firms and other actors in global value chains (GVCs) and highlighted the scope for firm agency, the GVC literature limits the attention to firm strategies per se but puts more emphasis on the governance structure of global industries. In their strategic decision making, managers must take into consideration how firms are positioned along the value chain in terms of four themes: managed cross-border activities; network optimization; bottom-up upgrading; and strategic coevolution. Integrating the GVC view adds a further impetus to global strategy beyond the analysis of intra-firm determinants. Conversely, integrating global strategy into GVC analysis entails a more dynamic view on behaviors of different actors in the value chain. Understanding these interactions enable managers and policy makers to better incorporate how changes and disruptions affect firm strategies within the governance of GVCs.Item Open Access Assessing the Risks and Opportunities of Participation in Global Value Chains(Achieving Workers’ Rights in the Global Economy, 2016-05-10) Gereffi, G; Luo, XItem Open Access Bahrain’s Position in the Global Apparel Value Chain: How the U.S.-Bahrain FTA and PTLs Shape Future Development Options(2016-01-11) Gereffi, G; Frederick, S; Bair, JThis report analyzes the situation of Bahrain’s industry and its prospects in light of the looming TPL expiration. The Bahraini industry oriented to the U.S. market contains two distinct segments: textile manufacturers, which own spinning, weaving and finishing mills in Bahrain, and rely on TPL for a relatively small portion (just over a third) of the final products they exports to the United States; and apparel companies, which currently rely on TPL for 100% of their garment exports to the United States, since these contain fabrics and yarn from third party countries, such as China. The apparel companies currently exporting to the U.S. from Bahrain are owned by foreign firms, they employ predominantly migrant workers from South Asia, and they have other production locations in the Gulf region, including Jordan and Egypt. Consequently, if garment manufacturers are unable to receive duty-free access to the U.S. market once TPLs expire in 2016, they are unlikely to stay in the country, in contrast to the textile companies, whose investments in Bahrain are far more significant. The report contains a series of recommendations regarding different ways in which Bahrain might continue to receive limited exemptions from the yarn-forward rules of origin after 2016. These proposals include, but are not limited to, an extension of the current benefit.Item Open Access Beyond technological relatedness: An evolutionary pro-growth coalition and industrial transformation in Kunshan, China(Growth and Change, 2021-12-01) Wang, CC; Gereffi, G; Liu, ZThe article develops an analytical framework for an adaptable and evolutionary pro-growth coalition led by local government to understand regional industrial transformation in developing China. Taking Kunshan as an example, we argue that evolutionary and adaptable coalitions were key to Kunshan's successful transformation from an agriculture county to an export-oriented industrial center, and to a more diversified city. The coalition of the local state with land-holding farmers, domestic and international firms, and the central government during the 1980s-1990s laid a foundation for industrial transformation; the strong coalition of local state and Taiwanese investors in the 1990s-2000s shaped its new industry of IT manufacturing; and the coalition of local state with multiple actors at various geographical scales contributed a more diversified and innovative industrial structure of Kunshan. This study highlights that industrial evolution is not only driven by technological relatedness but also by the evolutionary state-led coalition of multiple actors from different levels and at different stages, and appeals for a political economy perspective to understand industrial transformation of resource- scarce regions.Item Open Access China’s (Not So Hidden) Developmental State: Becoming a Leading Nanotechnology Innovator in the Twenty-First Century(State of Innovation: The U.S. Government’s Role in Technology Development, 2011) Appelbaum, RP; Parker, R; Cao, C; Gereffi, GItem Open Access China’s Greatest Legacy Was to Create a Model of Inclusive Development(Integration and Trade, 2016-06-24) Gereffi, GItem Open Access China’s New Development Strategies Upgrading from Above and from Below in Global Value Chains(2022-11-07) Gereffi, G; Bamber, P; Fernandez-Stark, KThis book examines China’s new development policies, which seek to reposition China from export platform for a diverse array of low-cost consumer goods to technological leader in sectors linked to advanced manufacturing, artificial ...Item Open Access Contending Paradigms for Cross-Regional Comparison: Development Strategies and Commodity Chains in East Asia and Latin America(Latin America in Comparative Perspective: New Approaches to Methods and Analysis, 1995) Gereffi, GItem Open Access Determinants of Development Strategies in Latin America and East Asia(Pacific Focus, 1987-01-01) Gereffi, G; Wyman, DItem Open Access Digital transformation and value chains: Introduction(Global Networks) Butollo, F; Gereffi, G; Yang, C; Krzywdzinski, MItem Open Access Diverse paths of upgrading in high-tech manufacturing: Costa Rica in the electronics and medical devices global value chains(Transnational Corporations, 2019-01-01) Gereffi, G; Frederick, S; Bamber, P© 2019 UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. All rights reserved. Costa Rica has sought to improve its position in the global economy by prioritizing export growth in two high-tech manufacturing industries led by foreign direct investment (FDI): electronics and medical devices. We use a global value chain (GVC) perspective to identify key commonalities and contrasts in Costa Rica's performance in upgrading these two sectors. Because the electronics and medical devices GVCs have very different structures in Costa Rica (electronics is dominated by a single large firm, Intel, whereas medical devices has a highly diversified set of foreign manufacturers), multiple forms of upgrading, downgrading and knowledge spillovers are possible. Although the experience of these two industries illustrates different paths to upgrading, developing backward linkages in Costa Rica was not the preferred nor the only way of moving up the value chain. The medical devices sector exhibited more traditional knowledge spillovers and labor market features of local industrial agglomerations, whereas the electronics sector demonstrated significant wage and skill-level gains because of the incorporation of high-value service activities due to the evolving global strategy of its GVC lead firm, Intel. By combining a GVC perspective with a focus on knowledge flows and value creation at the local level, we seek to promote more explicit integration of international business and economic geography concepts and methods.Item Open Access E-Commerce and Industrial Upgrading in the Chinese Apparel Value Chain(Journal of Contemporary Asia, 2019-01-01) Li, F; Frederick, S; Gereffi, G© 2018, © 2018 Journal of Contemporary Asia. The economic and social gains from electronic commerce (e-commerce) that promote innovation, industry upgrading and economic growth have been widely discussed. China’s successful experience with e-commerce has had a positive effect in transforming consumer-goods sectors of the economy and motivating economic reform. This article looks at how e-commerce reduces barriers to entry and enables firms to move up the value chain by using the global value chain framework to analyse the impact of e-commerce on the upgrading trajectories and governance structures of China’s apparel industry. For large Chinese brands, e-commerce has enabled end-market diversification. For small- and medium-sized enterprises, e-commerce has facilitated entry with functional upgrading as well as end-market upgrading. In the “two-sided markets” created by platform companies, the “engaged consumers” are the demand side of this market, and “e-commerce focused apparel firms” are the supply side of the new market. Consumers and platforms are more directly involved in value creation within this emerging internet-based structure.Item Open Access Economic and Social Upgrading and Workforce Development in the Apparel Global Value Chain(International Labor Brief, 2013-04) Gereffi, GItem Open Access Economic and social upgrading in global production networks: A new paradigm for a changing world(International Labour Review, 2011-12-01) Barrientos, S; Gereffi, G; Rossi, AA key challenge in promoting decent work worldwide is how to improve the position of both firms and workers in value chains and global production networks driven by lead firms. This article develops a framework for analysing the linkages between the economic upgrading of firms and the social upgrading of workers. Drawing on studies which indicate that firm upgrading does not necessarily lead to improvements for workers, with a particular focus on the Moroccan garment industry, it outlines different trajectories and scenarios to provide a better understanding of the relationship between economic and social upgrading. The authors 2011 Journal compilation © International Labour Organization 2011.Item Open Access Economic and Social Upgrading in Global Value Chains and Industrial Clusters: Why Governance Matters(Journal of Business Ethics, 2016-01-01) Gereffi, G; Lee, J© 2014, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.The burgeoning literature on global value chains (GVCs) has recast our understanding of how industrial clusters are shaped by their ties to the international economy, but within this context, the role played by corporate social responsibility (CSR) continues to evolve. New research in the past decade allows us to better understand how CSR is linked to industrial clusters and GVCs. With geographic production and trade patterns in many industries becoming concentrated in the global South, lead firms in GVCs have been under growing pressure to link economic and social upgrading in more integrated forms of CSR. This is leading to a confluence of “private governance” (corporate codes of conduct and monitoring), “social governance” (civil society pressure on business from labor organizations and non-governmental organizations), and “public governance” (government policies to support gains by labor groups and environmental activists). This new form of “synergistic governance” is illustrated with evidence from recent studies of GVCs and industrial clusters, as well as advances in theorizing about new patterns of governance in GVCs and clusters.Item Open Access El mayor legado de China fue crear un modelo de desarrollo inclusivo(Integración y Comercio, 2016-06-10) Gereffi, GItem Open Access El TLCAN y las cadenas globales de valor(Comercio Exterior, 2017-08-31) Gereffi, GCon el arribo de Donald Trump a la presidencia de Estados Unidos, se intensificaron las especulaciones sobre el futuro del Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN). En respuesta a una noticia aparecida a finales de abril de este ano, donde se adelantaba la posible presentación de una orden ejecutiva para retirar a Estados Unidos de este acuerdo comercial, el director del Centro de Globalización, Gobernanza y Competitividad de la Universidad de Duke, Gary Gereffi, publicó unas interesantes reflexiones sobre los verdaderos alcances del TLCAN que ahora comparte con los lectores de Comercio Exterior. (La versión original de este artículo apareció en el sitio web del autor. Puede encontrarse en: https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2017/04/28/understanding-trade-relations-in-a-value-chain-linked-world/)Item Open Access Evolutionary Trajectories of Industrial Districts in Global Value Chains(Local Clusters in Global Value Chains: Linking Actors and Territories through Manufacturing and Innovation., 2017-09-01) Marchi, VD; Maria, ED; Gereffi, G