Browsing by Author "Gillingham, K"
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Item Open Access Energy Efficiency Policies: A Retrospective Examination(Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 2006-11) Gillingham, K; Newell, Richard G; Palmer, KItem Open Access Energy efficiency policies: A retrospective examination(Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 2006-11-20) Gillingham, K; Newell, R; Palmer, KWe review literature on several types of energy efficiency policies: appliance standards, financial incentive programs, information and voluntary programs, and management of government energy use. For each, we provide a brief synopsis of the relevant programs, along with available existing estimates of energy savings, costs, and cost-effectiveness at a national level. The literature examining these estimates points to potential issues in determining the energy savings and costs, but recent evidence suggests that techniques for measuring both have improved. Taken together, the literature identifies up to four quads of energy savings annually from these programs - at least half of which is attributable to appliance standards and utility-based demand-side management, with possible additional energy savings from the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) ENERGY STAR, Climate Challenge, and Section 1605b voluntary programs to reduce carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions. Related reductions in CO 2 and criteria air pollutants may contribute an additional 10% to the value of energy savings above the price of energy itself. Copyright © 2006 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved.Item Open Access Modeling endogenous technological change for climate policy analysis(Energy Economics, 2008-11-01) Gillingham, K; Newell, RG; Pizer, WAThe approach used to model technological change in a climate policy model is a critical determinant of its results in terms of the time path of CO2 prices and costs required to achieve various emission reduction goals. We provide an overview of the different approaches used in the literature, with an emphasis on recent developments regarding endogenous technological change, research and development, and learning. Detailed examination sheds light on the salient features of each approach, including strengths, limitations, and policy implications. Key issues include proper accounting for the opportunity costs of climate-related knowledge generation, treatment of knowledge spillovers and appropriability, and the empirical basis for parameterizing technological relationships. No single approach appears to dominate on all these dimensions, and different approaches may be preferred depending on the purpose of the analysis, be it positive or normative. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Item Open Access Split Incentives in Residential Energy Consumption(The Energy Journal, 2012-04-01) Gillingham, K; Harding, M; Rapson, D