Browsing by Author "Grigoryeva, Angelina"
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Item Open Access Jim Crow and the Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis(American Journal of Sociology, 2020-09-30) Ruef, Martin; Grigoryeva, AngelinaExtensive research has investigated the spatial mismatch hypothesis (SMH), considering the consequences of disparities between black residential locations and opportunities for employment. In this study, we argue that the mixed evidence for the SMHmay result froma misspecification in both the historical period and themechanismswhereby spatial mismatch affects black employment.We show that substantial declines in black labor force outcomes occurred in the JimCrow era, not just the postindustrial era. We then investigate the extent to which the SMH should be formulated as a logistical problem, involving the commuting range of blacks to nonresidential sites of employment, or a problem of transit segregation and residential ecology. Analysis of censusmicrodata between 1910 and 1970 suggests that urban employment suffered when the stigma of segregation prompted black commuters to use restrictive means of transit and when black housing was separated from the homes of business owners or residential employers.Item Open Access Jim Crow, Ethnic Enclaves, and Status Attainment: Occupational Mobility among U.S. Blacks, 1880-1940(American Journal of Sociology, 2018) Ruef, M; Grigoryeva, AngelinaDemographic and ecological theories yieldmixed evidence as to whether ethnic enclaves are a benefit or a hindrance to the status attainment of residents and entrepreneurs. This article provides one possible theoretical resolution by separating the positive effects that may emanate among co-ethnic neighbors from the negative effects that may resultwith the concentration of racial or ethnic groups. The theory is tested by analyzing occupational wage attainment and entrepreneurship among African-Americans between 1880 and 1940, a historical context in which Jim Crow laws imposed segregation exogenously. Drawing on crosssectional and panel census data for representative samples of blacks in theUnited States, the results suggest consistent upward occupational mobilityamong residents with same-race neighbors, accompanied with downward mobility among residents who are concentrated in larger racialized enclaves. Both patterns are also observed in the distribution of entrepreneurial activity among blacks during the Jim Crow era.Item Open Access Micro-Segregation and the Jewish Ghetto: A Comparison of Ethnic Communities in Germany(European Journal of Sociology, 2022) Ruef, Martin; Grigoryeva, Angelina