Browsing by Author "Hamilton, David Kojo"

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    ItemOpen Access
    Are We Focused on the Wrong Early Postoperative Quality Metrics? Optimal Realignment Outweighs Perioperative Risk in Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery.
    (Journal of clinical medicine, 2023-08) Passias, Peter G; Williamson, Tyler K; Mir, Jamshaid M; Smith, Justin S; Lafage, Virginie; Lafage, Renaud; Line, Breton; Daniels, Alan H; Gum, Jeffrey L; Schoenfeld, Andrew J; Hamilton, David Kojo; Soroceanu, Alex; Scheer, Justin K; Eastlack, Robert; Mundis, Gregory M; Diebo, Bassel; Kebaish, Khaled M; Hostin, Richard A; Gupta, Munish C; Kim, Han Jo; Klineberg, Eric O; Ames, Christopher P; Hart, Robert A; Burton, Douglas C; Schwab, Frank J; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Bess, Shay; On Behalf Of The International Spine Study Group

    Background

    While reimbursement is centered on 90-day outcomes, many patients may still achieve optimal, long-term outcomes following adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery despite transient short-term complications.

    Objective

    Compare long-term clinical success and cost-utility between patients achieving optimal realignment and suboptimally aligned peers.

    Study design/setting

    Retrospective cohort study of a prospectively collected multicenter database.

    Methods

    ASD patients with two-year (2Y) data included. Groups were propensity score matched (PSM) for age, frailty, body mass index (BMI), Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), and baseline deformity. Optimal radiographic criteria are defined as meeting low deformity in all three (Scoliosis Research Society) SRS-Schwab parameters or being proportioned in Global Alignment and Proportionality (GAP). Cost-per-QALY was calculated for each time point. Multivariable logistic regression analysis and ANCOVA (analysis of covariance) adjusting for baseline disability and deformity (pelvic incidence (PI), pelvic incidence minus lumbar lordosis (PI-LL)) were used to determine the significance of surgical details, complications, clinical outcomes, and cost-utility.

    Results

    A total of 930 patients were considered. Following PSM, 253 "optimal" (O) and 253 "not optimal" (NO) patients were assessed. The O group underwent more invasive procedures and had more levels fused. Analysis of complications by two years showed that the O group suffered less overall major (38% vs. 52%, p = 0.021) and major mechanical complications (12% vs. 22%, p = 0.002), and less reoperations (23% vs. 33%, p = 0.008). Adjusted analysis revealed O patients more often met MCID (minimal clinically important difference) in SF-36 PCS, SRS-22 Pain, and Appearance. Cost-utility-adjusted analysis determined that the O group generated better cost-utility by one year and maintained lower overall cost and costs per QALY (both p < 0.001) at two years.

    Conclusions

    Fewer late complications (mechanical and reoperations) are seen in optimally aligned patients, leading to better long-term cost-utility overall. Therefore, the current focus on avoiding short-term complications may be counterproductive, as achieving optimal surgical correction is critical for long-term success.
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    ItemOpen Access
    Development of a Modified Cervical Deformity Frailty Index: A Streamlined Clinical Tool for Preoperative Risk Stratification.
    (Spine, 2019-02) Passias, Peter G; Bortz, Cole A; Segreto, Frank A; Horn, Samantha R; Lafage, Renaud; Lafage, Virginie; Smith, Justin S; Line, Breton; Kim, Han Jo; Eastlack, Robert; Hamilton, David Kojo; Protopsaltis, Themistocles; Hostin, Richard A; Klineberg, Eric O; Burton, Douglas C; Hart, Robert A; Schwab, Frank J; Bess, Shay; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Ames, Christopher P; International Spine Study Group

    Study design

    Retrospective review.

    Objective

    Develop a simplified frailty index for cervical deformity (CD) patients.

    Summary of background data

    To improve preoperative risk stratification for surgical CD patients, a CD frailty index (CD-FI) incorporating 40 health deficits was developed. While novel, the CD-FI is clinically impractical due to the large number of factors needed for its calculation. To increase clinical utility, a simpler, modified CD-FI (mCD-FI) is necessary.

    Methods

    CD patients (C2-C7 Cobb>10°, CL>10°, cSVA>4 cm, or CBVA>25°) >18 year with preoperative CD-FI component factors. Pearson bivariate correlation assessed relationships between component deficits of the CD-FI and overall CD-FI score. Top deficits contributing to CD-FI score were included in multiple stepwise regression models. Deficits from model with largest R were dichotomized, and the mean score of all deficits calculated, resulting in mCD-FI score from 0 to 1. Patients were stratified by mCD-FI: Not Frail (NF, <0.3), Frail (0.3-0.5), Severely Frail (SF, >0.5). Means comparison tests established correlations between frailty category and clinical outcomes.

    Results

    Included: 121 CD patients (61 ± 11 yr, 60%F). Multiple stepwise regression models identified 15 deficits as responsible for 86% of the variation in CD-FI; these factors were used to construct the mCD-FI. Overall, mean mCD-FI was 0.31 ± 0.14. Breakdown of patients by mCD-FI category: NF: 47.9%, Frail: 46.3%, SF: 5.8%. Compared with NF and Frail, SF patients had the longest inpatient hospital stays (P = 0.042), as well as greater baseline neck pain (P = 0.033), inferior Neck Disability Index scores (P<0.001) and inferior EQ-5D scores (P < 0.001). Frail patients had higher odds of superficial infection (OR:1.1[1.0-1.2]), and SF patients had increased odds of mortality (OR:8.3[1.3-53.9]).

    Conclusion

    Increased frailty, assessed by mCD-FI, correlated with increased length of stay, neck pain, and decreased health-related quality of life. Frail patients were at greater risk for infection, and severely frail patients had greater odds of mortality. This relationship between frailty and clinical outcomes suggests that mCD-FI offers clinical utility as a preoperative risk stratification tool.

    Level of evidence

    3.
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    ItemOpen Access
    Factors Associated with the Maintenance of Cost-Effectiveness at 5 Years in Adult Spinal Deformity Corrective Surgery.
    (Spine, 2024-03) Passias, Peter G; Mir, Jamshaid M; Dave, Pooja; Smith, Justin S; Lafage, Renaud; Gum, Jeffrey; Line, Breton G; Diebo, Bassel; Daniels, Alan H; Hamilton, David Kojo; Buell, Thomas J; Scheer, Justin K; Eastlack, Robert K; Mullin, Jeffrey P; Mundis, Gregory M; Hosogane, Naobumi; Yagi, Mitsuru; Schoenfeld, Andrew J; Uribe, Juan S; Anand, Neel; Mummaneni, Praveen V; Chou, Dean; Klineberg, Eric O; Kebaish, Khaled M; Lewis, Stephen J; Gupta, Munish C; Kim, Han Jo; Hart, Robert A; Lenke, Lawrence G; Ames, Christopher P; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Schwab, Frank J; Lafage, Virginie; Hostin, Richard A; Bess, Shay; Burton, Douglas C; International Spine Study Group

    Study design

    Retrospective cohort.

    Objective

    To evaluate factors associated with the long-term durability of cost-effectiveness (CE) in ASD patients.

    Background

    A substantial increase in costs associated with the surgical treatment for adult spinal deformity (ASD) has given precedence to scrutinize the value and utility it provides.

    Methods

    We included 327 operative ASD patients with 5-year (5 Y) follow-up. Published methods were used to determine costs based on CMS.gov definitions and were based on the average DRG reimbursement rates. Utility was calculated using quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) utilizing the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) converted to Short-Form Six-Dimension (SF-6D), with a 3% discount applied for its decline with life expectancy. The CE threshold of $150,000 was used for primary analysis.

    Results

    Major and minor complication rates were 11% and 47% respectively, with 26% undergoing reoperation by 5 Y. The mean cost associated with surgery was $91,095±$47,003, with a utility gain of 0.091±0.086 at 1Y, QALY gained at 2 Y of 0.171±0.183, and at 5 Y of 0.42±0.43. The cost per QALY at 2 Y was $414,885, which decreased to $142,058 at 5 Y.With the threshold of $150,000 for CE, 19% met CE at 2 Y and 56% at 5 Y. In those in which revision was avoided, 87% met cumulative CE till life expectancy. Controlling analysis depicted higher baseline CCI and pelvic tilt (PT) to be the strongest predictors for not maintaining durable CE to 5 Y (CCI OR: 1.821 [1.159-2.862], P=0.009) (PT OR: 1.079 [1.007-1.155], P=0.030).

    Conclusions

    Most patients achieved cost-effectiveness after four years postoperatively, with 56% meeting at five years postoperatively. When revision was avoided, 87% of patients met cumulative cost-effectiveness till life expectancy. Mechanical complications were predictive of failure to achieve cost-effectiveness at 2 Y, while comorbidity burden and medical complications were at 5 Y.
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    ItemOpen Access
    How Good Are Surgeons at Achieving Their Preoperative Goal Sagittal Alignment Following Adult Deformity Surgery?
    (Global spine journal, 2023-02) Smith, Justin S; Elias, Elias; Sursal, Tolga; Line, Breton; Lafage, Virginie; Lafage, Renaud; Klineberg, Eric; Kim, Han Jo; Passias, Peter; Nasser, Zeina; Gum, Jeffrey L; Eastlack, Robert; Daniels, Alan; Mundis, Gregory; Hostin, Richard; Protopsaltis, Themistocles S; Soroceanu, Alex; Hamilton, David Kojo; Kelly, Michael P; Lewis, Stephen J; Gupta, Munish; Schwab, Frank J; Burton, Douglas; Ames, Christopher P; Lenke, Lawrence G; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Bess, Shay; International Spine Study Group

    Study design

    Multicenter, prospective cohort.

    Objectives

    Malalignment following adult spine deformity (ASD) surgery can impact outcomes and increase mechanical complications. We assess whether preoperative goals for sagittal alignment following ASD surgery are achieved.

    Methods

    ASD patients were prospectively enrolled based on 3 criteria: deformity severity (PI-LL ≥25°, TPA ≥30°, SVA ≥15 cm, TCobb≥70° or TLCobb≥50°), procedure complexity (≥12 levels fused, 3-CO or ACR) and/or age (>65 and ≥7 levels fused). The surgeon documented sagittal alignment goals prior to surgery. Goals were compared with achieved alignment on first follow-up standing radiographs.

    Results

    The 266 enrolled patients had a mean age of 61.0 years (SD = 14.6) and 68% were women. Mean instrumented levels was 13.6 (SD = 3.8), and 23.2% had a 3-CO. Mean (SD) offsets (achieved-goal) were: SVA = -8.5 mm (45.6 mm), PI-LL = -4.6° (14.6°), TK = 7.2° (14.7°), reflecting tendencies to undercorrect SVA and PI-LL and increase TK. Goals were achieved for SVA, PI-LL, and TK in 74.4%, 71.4%, and 68.8% of patients, respectively, and was achieved for all 3 parameters in 37.2% of patients. Three factors were independently associated with achievement of all 3 alignment goals: use of PACs/equivalent for surgical planning (P < .001), lower baseline GCA (P = .009), and surgery not including a 3-CO (P = .037).

    Conclusions

    Surgeons failed to achieve goal alignment of each sagittal parameter in ∼25-30% of ASD patients. Goal alignment for all 3 parameters was only achieved in 37.2% of patients. Those at greatest risk were patients with more severe deformity. Advancements are needed to enable more consistent translation of preoperative alignment goals to the operating room.
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    ItemOpen Access
    Impact of Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis on Full Body Sagittal Alignment and Compensation for Sagittal Spinal Deformity.
    (Spine, 2024-02) Balmaceno-Criss, Mariah; Lafage, Renaud; Alsoof, Daniel; Daher, Mohammad; Hamilton, David Kojo; Smith, Justin S; Eastlack, Robert K; Fessler, Richard G; Gum, Jeffrey L; Gupta, Munish C; Hostin, Richard; Kebaish, Khaled M; Klineberg, Eric O; Lewis, Stephen J; Line, Breton G; Nunley, Pierce D; Mundis, Gregory M; Passias, Peter G; Protopsaltis, Themistocles S; Buell, Thomas; Scheer, Justin K; Mullin, Jeffrey P; Soroceanu, Alex; Ames, Christopher P; Lenke, Lawrence G; Bess, Shay; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Schwab, Frank J; Lafage, Virginie; Burton, Douglas C; Diebo, Bassel G; Daniels, Alan H; International Spine Study Group (ISSG)

    Study design

    Retrospective review of prospectively collected data.

    Objective

    To investigate the effect of lower extremity osteoarthritis on sagittal alignment and compensatory mechanisms in adult spinal deformity (ASD).

    Background

    Spine, hip, and knee pathologies often overlap in ASD patients. Limited data exists on how lower extremity osteoarthritis impacts sagittal alignment and compensatory mechanisms in ASD.

    Methods

    527 pre-operative ASD patients with full body radiographs were included. Patients were grouped by Kellgren-Lawrence grade of bilateral hips and knees and stratified by quartile of T1-Pelvic Angle (T1PA) severity into low-, mid-, high-, and severe-T1PA. Full body alignment and compensation were compared across quartiles. Regression analysis examined the incremental impact of hip and knee osteoarthritis severity on compensation.

    Results

    The mean T1PA for low-, mid-, high-, and severe-T1PA groups was 7.3°, 19.5°, 27.8°, 41.6°, respectively. Mid-T1PA patients with severe hip osteoarthritis had an increased sagittal vertical axis and global sagittal alignment (P<0.001). Increasing hip osteoarthritis severity resulted in decreased pelvic tilt (P=0.001) and sacrofemoral angle (P<0.001), but increased knee flexion (P=0.012). Regression analysis revealed with increasing T1PA, pelvic tilt correlated inversely with hip osteoarthritis and positively with knee osteoarthritis (r2=0.812). Hip osteoarthritis decreased compensation via sacrofemoral angle (β-coefficient=-0.206). Knee and hip osteoarthritis contributed to greater knee flexion (β-coefficients=0.215, 0.101; respectively). For pelvic shift, only hip osteoarthritis significantly contributed to the model (β-coefficient=0.100).

    Conclusions

    For the same magnitude of spinal deformity, increased hip osteoarthritis severity was associated with worse truncal and full body alignment with posterior translation of the pelvis. Patients with severe hip and knee osteoarthritis exhibited decreased hip extension and pelvic tilt, but increased knee flexion. This examines sagittal alignment and compensation in ASD patients with hip and knee arthritis and may help delineate whether hip and knee flexion is due to spinal deformity compensation or lower extremity osteoarthritis.
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    ItemOpen Access
    Impact of Self-Reported Loss of Balance and Gait Disturbance on Outcomes following Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery.
    (Journal of clinical medicine, 2024-04) Diebo, Bassel G; Alsoof, Daniel; Lafage, Renaud; Daher, Mohammad; Balmaceno-Criss, Mariah; Passias, Peter G; Ames, Christopher P; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Burton, Douglas C; Deviren, Vedat; Line, Breton G; Soroceanu, Alex; Hamilton, David Kojo; Klineberg, Eric O; Mundis, Gregory M; Kim, Han Jo; Gum, Jeffrey L; Smith, Justin S; Uribe, Juan S; Kebaish, Khaled M; Gupta, Munish C; Nunley, Pierce D; Eastlack, Robert K; Hostin, Richard; Protopsaltis, Themistocles S; Lenke, Lawrence G; Hart, Robert A; Schwab, Frank J; Bess, Shay; Lafage, Virginie; Daniels, Alan H; ISSG
    Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate if imbalance influences complication rates, radiological outcomes, and patient-reported outcomes (PROMs) following adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery. Methods: ASD patients with baseline and 2-year radiographic and PROMs were included. Patients were grouped according to whether they answered yes or no to a recent history of pre-operative loss of balance. The groups were propensity-matched by age, pelvic incidence-lumbar lordosis (PI-LL), and surgical invasiveness score. Results: In total, 212 patients were examined (106 in each group). Patients with gait imbalance had worse baseline PROM measures, including Oswestry disability index (45.2 vs. 36.6), SF-36 mental component score (44 vs. 51.8), and SF-36 physical component score (p < 0.001 for all). After 2 years, patients with gait imbalance had less pelvic tilt correction (-1.2 vs. -3.6°, p = 0.039) for a comparable PI-LL correction (-11.9 vs. -15.1°, p = 0.144). Gait imbalance patients had higher rates of radiographic proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) (26.4% vs. 14.2%) and implant-related complications (47.2% vs. 34.0%). After controlling for age, baseline sagittal parameters, PI-LL correction, and comorbidities, patients with imbalance had 2.2-times-increased odds of PJK after 2 years. Conclusions: Patients with a self-reported loss of balance/unsteady gait have significantly worse PROMs and higher risk of PJK.
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    ItemOpen Access
    Patient Satisfaction After Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery Does Not Strongly Correlate With Health-Related Quality of Life Scores, Radiographic Parameters, or Occurrence of Complications.
    (Spine, 2017-05) Hamilton, David Kojo; Kong, Christopher; Hiratzka, Jayme; Contag, Alec G; Ailon, Tamir; Line, Breton; Daniels, Alan; Smith, Justin S; Passias, Peter; Protopsaltis, Themistocles; Sciubba, Daniel; Burton, Douglas; Shaffrey, Christopher; Klineberg, Eric; Mundis, Gregory; Kim, Han-Jo; Lafage, Virginie; Lafage, Renaud; Scheer, Justin; Boachie-Adjei, Oheneba; Bess, Shay; Hart, Robert A

    Study design

    This is a multicenter retrospective review of prospectively collected cases.

    Objective

    Our objective was to evaluate the relationship between patient satisfaction, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) scores, complications, and radiographic measures at 2 years postoperative follow-up.

    Summary of background data

    For patients receiving operative management for adult spine deformity (ASD), the relationship between HRQoL measures, radiographic parameters, postoperative complications, and self-reported satisfaction remains unclear.

    Methods

    Data from 248 patients across 11 centers within the United States who underwent thoracolumbar fusion for ASD and had a minimum of 2 years follow-up was collected. Pre- and postoperative scores were obtained from the Scoliosis Research Society 22-item (SRS-22r), the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), and the Visual Analogue Scale. Sagittal vertical axis, coronal C7 plumbline, lumbar lordosis, pelvic tilt, T1 pelvic angle, and the difference between pelvic incidence and lumbar lordosis were assessed using postoperative radiographic films. Satisfaction (SAT) was assessed using the SRS-22r; patients were categorized as highly satisfied (HS) or less satisfied (LS). The correlation between SAT and HRQoL scores, radiographic parameters, and complications was determined.

    Results

    When compared with LS (n = 60) patients, HS (n = 188) patients demonstrated greater improvement in final ODI, SF-36 component scores, SRS-Total, and Visual Analogue Scale back scores (P < 0.05). The correlations between SAT and the final follow-up and 2 year change from baseline values were moderate for Mental Component Summary, Physical Component Summary, and ODI or weak for HRQoL scores (P < 0.0001). The HS and LS groups were equal in pre- or final postoperative radiographic parameters. Occurrence of complications had no effect on satisfaction.

    Conclusion

    Among operatively treated ASD patients, satisfaction was moderately correlated with some HRQoL measures, and not with radiographic changes or postoperative complications. Other factors, such as patient expectations and relationship with the surgeon, may be stronger drivers of patient satisfaction.

    Level of evidence

    3.
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    ItemOpen Access
    Proximal junctional kyphosis and proximal junctional failure.
    (Neurosurgery clinics of North America, 2013-04) Hart, Robert A; McCarthy, Ian; Ames, Christopher P; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Hamilton, David Kojo; Hostin, Richard
    Proximal junctional failure (PJF) should be distinguished from proximal junctional kyphosis, which is a recurrent deformity with limited clinical impact. PJF includes mechanical failure, and is a significant complication following adult spinal deformity surgery with potential for neurologic injury and increased need for surgical revision. Risk factors for PJF include age, severity of sagittal plane deformity, and extent of operative sagittal plane realignment. Techniques for avoiding PJF will likely require refinements in both perioperative and surgical strategies.