Browsing by Author "Khoshpouri, Pegah"
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Item Open Access A comparison of COVID-19 and imaging radiation risk in clinical patient populations.(J Radiol Prot, 2020-10-07) Ria, Francesco; Fu, Wanyi; Chalian, Hamid; Abadi, Ehsan; Segars, Paul W; Fricks, Rafael; Khoshpouri, Pegah; Samei, EhsanOBJECTIVE: The outbreak of coronavirus SARS-COV2 affected more than 180 countries necessitating fast and accurate diagnostic tools. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has been identified as a gold standard test with Chest CT and Chest Radiography showing promising results as well. However, radiological solutions have not been used extensively for the diagnosis of COVID-19 disease, partly due to radiation risk. This study aimed to provide quantitative comparison of imaging radiation risk versus COVID risk. METHODS: The analysis was performed in terms of mortality rate per age group. COVID-19 mortality was extracted from epidemiological data across 299,004 patients published by ISS-Integrated surveillance of COVID-19 in Italy. For radiological risk, the study considered 659 Chest CT performed in adult patients. Organ doses were estimated using a Monte Carlo method and then used to calculate Risk Index that was converted into an upper bound for related mortality rate following NCI-SEER data. RESULTS: COVID-19 mortality showed a rapid rise for ages >30 years old (min:0.30%; max:30.20%), whereas only 1 death was reported in the analyzed patient cohort for ages <20 years old. The rates decreased for radiation risk across age groups. The median mortality rate across all ages for Chest-CT and Chest-Radiography were 0.007% (min:0.005%; max:0.011%) and 0.0003% (min:0.0002%; max:0.0004%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19, Chest Radiography, and Chest CT mortality rates showed different magnitudes and trends across age groups. In higher ages, the risk of COVID-19 far outweighs that of radiological exams. Based on risk comparison alone, Chest Radiography and CT for COVID-19 care is justified for patients older than 20 and 30 years old, respectively. Notwithstanding other aspects of diagnosis, the present results capture a component of risk consideration associated with the use of imaging for COVID. Once integrated with other diagnostic factors, they may help inform better management of the pandemic.Item Open Access Combined Effects of Race and Socioeconomic Status on Cancer Beliefs, Cognitions, and Emotions.(Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 2019-01-24) Assari, Shervin; Khoshpouri, Pegah; Chalian, HamidAIM:To determine whether socioeconomic status (SES; educational attainment and income) explains the racial gap in cancer beliefs, cognitions, and emotions in a national sample of American adults. METHODS:For this cross-sectional study, data came from the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) 2017, which included a nationally representative sample of American adults. The study enrolled 2277 adults who were either non-Hispanic Black (n = 409) or non-Hispanic White (n = 1868). Race, demographic factors (age and gender), SES (i.e., educational attainment and income), health access (insurance status, usual source of care), family history of cancer, fatalistic cancer beliefs, perceived risk of cancer, and cancer worries were measured. We ran structural equation models (SEMs) for data analysis. RESULTS:Race and SES were associated with perceived risk of cancer, cancer worries, and fatalistic cancer beliefs, suggesting that non-Hispanic Blacks, low educational attainment and low income were associated with higher fatalistic cancer beliefs, lower perceived risk of cancer, and less cancer worries. Educational attainment and income only partially mediated the effects of race on cancer beliefs, emotions, and cognitions. Race was directly associated with fatalistic cancer beliefs, perceived risk of cancer, and cancer worries, net of SES. CONCLUSIONS:Racial gap in SES is not the only reason behind racial gap in cancer beliefs, cognitions, and emotions. Racial gap in cancer related beliefs, emotions, and cognitions is the result of race and SES rather than race or SES. Elimination of racial gap in socioeconomic status will not be enough for elimination of racial disparities in cancer beliefs, cognitions, and emotions in the United States.Item Open Access Deep learning classification of COVID-19 in chest radiographs: performance and influence of supplemental training(Journal of Medical Imaging, 2021-12-01) Fricks, Rafael B; Ria, Francesco; Chalian, Hamid; Khoshpouri, Pegah; Abadi, Ehsan; Bianchi, Lorenzo; Segars, William P; Samei, EhsanItem Open Access Demographic, Social, and Behavioral Determinants of Lung Cancer Perceived Risk and Worries in a National Sample of American Adults; Does Lung Cancer Risk Matter?(Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania), 2018-12-03) Chalian, Hamid; Khoshpouri, Pegah; Assari, ShervinBackground: Perceived risk and worries of developing cancer are important constructs for cancer prevention. Many studies have investigated the relationship between health behaviors and subjective risk perception. However, factors correlated with lung cancer risk perception and worries in individuals more susceptible to lung cancer have rarely been investigated. Objective: To determine demographic, social, and behavioral determinants of cancer perceived risk and worries and to explore heterogeneities in these associations by the level of lung cancer risk in a nationally representative sample of American adults. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, data came from the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) 2017, which included a 2277 representative sample of American adults. Smoking status, cancer perceived risk, cancer worries, age, gender, race, education, income, and insurance status were measured. We ran structural equation models (SEMs) for data analysis. Results: "Ever smoker" status was associated with higher cancer perceived risk (b = 0.25; 95% CI = 0.05⁻0.44, p = 0.013) and worries (b = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.18⁻0.50, p < 0.001), suggesting that "ever smokers" experience higher levels of cancer perceived risk and worries regarding cancer, compared to "never smokers". Other factors that correlate with cancer perceived risk and worries were race, age, income, and insurance status. Blacks demonstrated less cancer perceived risk and worry (b = -0.98, 95% CI = -1.37⁻0.60, p < 0.001) in both low and high risk lung cancer groups. However, the effects of social determinants (income and insurance status) and age were observed in low but not high risk group. Conclusions: Determinants of cancer perceived risk and worries vary in individuals depending on the level of lung cancer risk. These differences should be considered in clinical practice and policy makings with the goal of improving participation rates in lung cancer screening programs.Item Open Access Interatrial septum: A pictorial review of congenital and acquired pathologies and their management.(Clinical imaging, 2019-02-06) Khoshpouri, Pegah; Khoshpouri, Parisa; Bedayat, Arash; Ansari-Gilani, Kianoush; Chalian, HamidThere are many different congenital abnormalities and acquired pathologies involving the interatrial septum. Differentiation of these pathologies significantly affects patient management. We have reviewed the various interatrial septal pathologies and discussed their congenital associates, clinical significance, and management. After reading this article, the reader should be able to better characterize the interatrial septal pathologies using the optimal imaging tools, and have a better understanding of their clinical significance and management.Item Open Access Justification of radiological procedures in COVID-19 pandemic based on radiation risk only(2020-12-02) Ria, Francesco; Fu, wanyi; Chalian, Hamid; Segars, W; Fricks, Rafael; Khoshpouri, Pegah; Samei, EhsanPurpose. Radiologic procedures are recommended based on benefit-to-risk justification. In X-ray imaging, while the benefit is often immediate for the patient, the associated radiation burden risk is a longer-term effect. Such a temporal gap can bias the justification process in imaging utilization, particularly during a spreading pandemic like COVID-19 in which fast and accurate diagnostic tools are highly needed. Chest CT and chest radiography (CXR) have shown promising results in the diagnosis and management of COVID-19, providing support to the standard RT-PCR test. However, several institutions are discouraging the use of imaging for this purpose, partly due to radiation risk. This study aims to provide quantitative data towards an effective risk-to benefit analysis for the justification of radiological studies in the diagnosis and management of COVID-19 to guide clinicians and decision making. Materials and Methods. The analysis was performed in terms of mortality rate per age group. COVID-19 mortality was extracted from epidemiological data across 159,107 patients in Italy. For radiological risk, the study considered 659 Chest CT scans performed in adult patients. Organ doses were estimated using a Monte Carlo based method and then used to calculate a risk index that was converted into a related 5-year mortality rate (SEER, NCI). Results. COVID-19 mortality showed a rapid rise for ages >30 years old (min: 0.30%; max: 30.20%). Only 1 death was reported in the analyzed patient cohort for ages <20 years old. The mortality rates based on radiation exposure decreased across age groups. The median mortality rate across all ages for Chest CT and CXR were 0.72% (min: 0.46%; max: 1.10%) and 0.03% (min: 0.02%; max: 0.04%), respectively. Conclusions. Radiation risk is not the only factor that should be taken into account for justifying the use of imaging in COVID care; nonetheless, it is an essential factor of consideration. The risk associated with COVID-19, CT, and CXR exhibited different magnitudes and trends across age groups. In higher ages, the risk of COVID-19 far outweighed that of radiological exams. Based on risk comparison alone, CXR and Chest CT are justified for COVID-19 care of patients older than 30 and 50 years old, respectively. Clinical Relevance statement (max 200 characters, with spaces) Towards a comprehensive radiological procedures risk-to-benefit assessment, CT and CXR should not be a priori excluded in the diagnosis and management of the COVID-19.