Browsing by Author "Li, S"

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    Cost-effectiveness of electricity energy efficiency programs
    (Energy Journal, 2012-08-20) Arimura, TH; Li, S; Newell, RG; Palmer, K
    We analyze the cost-effectiveness of electric utility ratepayer-funded programs to promote demand-side management (DSM) and energy efficiency (EE) investments. We specify a model that relates electricity demand to previous EE DSM spending, energy prices, income, weather, and other demand factors. In contrast to previous studies, we allow EE DSM spending to have a potential longterm demand effect and explicitly address possible endogeneity in spending. We find that current period EE DSM expenditures reduce electricity demand and that this effect persists for a number of years. Our findings suggest that ratepayer funded DSM expenditures between 1992 and 2006 produced a central estimate of 0.9 percent savings in electricity consumption over that time period and a 1.8 percent savings over all years. These energy savings came at an expected average cost to utilities of roughly 5 cents per kWh saved when future savings are discounted at a 5 percent rate. Copyright © 2012 by the IAEE. All rights reserved.
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    Event reconstruction in a liquid xenon Time Projection Chamber with an optically-open field cage
    (Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2021-06-01) Stiegler, T; Sangiorgio, S; Brodsky, JP; Heffner, M; Kharusi, SA; Anton, G; Arnquist, IJ; Badhrees, I; Barbeau, PS; Beck, D; Belov, V; Bhatta, T; Bolotnikov, A; Breur, PA; Brown, E; Brunner, T; Caden, E; Cao, GF; Cao, L; Chambers, C; Chana, B; Charlebois, SA; Chiu, M; Cleveland, B; Coon, M; Craycraft, A; Dalmasson, J; Daniels, T; Darroch, L; De, A; Mesrobian-Kabakian, AD; Deslandes, K; DeVoe, R; Di Vacri, ML; Dilling, J; Ding, YY; Dolinski, MJ; Dragone, A; Echevers, J; Edaltafar, F; Elbeltagi, M; Fabris, L; Fairbank, D; Fairbank, W; Farine, J; Ferrara, S; Feyzbakhsh, S; Gallina, G; Gautam, P; Giacomini, G; Goeldi, D; Gornea, R; Gratta, G; Hansen, EV; Hoppe, EW; Hößl, J; House, A; Hughes, M; Iverson, A; Jamil, A; Jewell, MJ; Jiang, XS; Karelin, A; Kaufman, LJ; Koffas, T; Krücken, R; Kuchenkov, A; Kumar, KS; Lan, Y; Larson, A; Leach, KG; Lenardo, BG; Leonard, DS; Li, G; Li, S; Li, Z; Licciardi, C; Lv, P; MacLellan, R; Massacret, N; McElroy, T; Medina-Peregrina, M; Michel, T; Mong, B; Moore, DC; Murray, K; Nakarmi, P; Natzke, CR; Newby, RJ; Ni, K; Ning, Z; Njoya, O; Nolet, F; Nusair, O; Odgers, K; Odian, A; Oriunno, M; Orrell, JL; Ortega, GS; Ostrovskiy, I
    nEXO is a proposed tonne-scale neutrinoless double beta decay (0νββ) experiment using liquid 136Xe (LXe) in a Time Projection Chamber (TPC) to read out ionization and scintillation signals. Between the field cage and the LXe vessel, a layer of LXe (“skin” LXe) is present, where no ionization signal is collected. Only scintillation photons are detected, owing to the lack of optical barrier around the field cage. In this work, we show that the light originating in the skin LXe region can be used to improve background discrimination by 5% over previous published estimates. This improvement comes from two elements. First, a fraction of the γ-ray background is removed by identifying light from interactions with an energy deposition in the skin LXe. Second, background from 222Rn dissolved in the skin LXe can be efficiently rejected by tagging the α decay in the 214Bi-214Po chain in the skin LXe.
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    How Do Gasoline Prices Affect Fleet Fuel Economy?
    (2009) Timmins, CD; Li, S; von Haefen, R
    Exploiting a rich dataset of passenger vehicle registrations in 20 US MSAs from 1997 to 2005, we examine the effects of gasoline prices on the automotive fleet's composition. We find that high gasoline prices affect fleet fuel economy through two channels: shifting new auto purchases towards more fuel-efficient vehicles, and speeding the scrappage of older, less fuel-efficient used vehicles. Policy simulations suggest that a 10 percent increase in gasoline prices from 2005 levels will generate a 0.22 percent increase in fleet fuel economy in the short run and a 2.04 percent increase in the long run.
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    Hydrostatic isolated limb perfusion with adeno-associated virus vectors enhances correction of skeletal muscle in Pompe disease.
    (Gene Ther, 2010-12) Sun, B; Li, S; Bird, A; Koeberl, DD
    Glycogen storage disease type II (Pompe disease; MIM 232300) stems from the inherited deficiency of acid-α-glucosidase (GAA; acid maltase; EC 3.2.1.20), which primarily involves cardiac and skeletal muscles. We hypothesized that hydrostatic isolated limb perfusion (ILP) administration of an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector containing a muscle-specific promoter could achieve relatively higher transgene expression in the hindlimb muscles of GAA-knockout (GAA-KO) mice, in comparison with intravenous (IV) administration. ILP administration of AAV2/8 vectors encoding alkaline phosphatase or human GAA-transduced skeletal muscles of the hindlimb widely, despite the relatively low number of vector particles administered (1 × 10¹¹), and IV administration of an equivalent vector dose failed to transduce skeletal muscle detectably. Similarly, ILP administration of fewer vector particles of the AAV2/9 vector encoding human GAA (3 × 10¹⁰) transduced skeletal muscles of the hindlimb widely and significantly reduced glycogen content to, in comparison with IV administration. The only advantage for IV administration was moderately high-level transduction of cardiac muscle, which demonstrated compellingly that ILP administration sequestered vector particles within the perfused limb. Reduction of glycogen storage in the extensor digitorum longus demonstrated the potential advantage of ILP-mediated delivery of AAV vectors in Pompe disease, because type II myofibers are resistant to enzyme replacement therapy. Thus, ILP will enhance AAV transduction of multiple skeletal muscles while reducing the required dosages in terms of vector particle numbers.
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    Search for Majoron-emitting modes of $^{136}$Xe double beta decay with the complete EXO-200 dataset
    Kharusi, S Al; Anton, G; Badhrees, I; Barbeau, PS; Beck, D; Belov, V; Bhatta, T; Breidenbach, M; Brunner, T; Cao, GF; Cen, WR; Chambers, C; Cleveland, B; Coon, M; Craycraft, A; Daniels, T; Darroch, L; Daugherty, SJ; Davis, J; Delaquis, S; Mesrobian-Kabakian, A Der; DeVoe, R; Dilling, J; Dolgolenko, A; Dolinski, MJ; Echevers, J; Jr, W Fairbank; Fairbank, D; Farine, J; Feyzbakhsh, S; Fierlinger, P; Fudenberg, D; Gautam, P; Gornea, R; Gratta, G; Hall, C; Hansen, EV; Hoessl, J; Hufschmidt, P; Hughes, M; Iverson, A; Jamil, A; Jessiman, C; Jewell, MJ; Johnson, A; Karelin, A; Kaufman, LJ; Koffas, T; ucken, R Kr; Kuchenkov, A; Kumar, KS; Lan, Y; Larson, A; Lenardo, BG; Leonard, DS; Li, GS; Li, S; Li, Z; Licciardi, C; Lin, YH; MacLellan, R; McElroy, T; Michel, T; Mong, B; Moore, DC; Murray, K; Njoya, O; Nusair, O; Odian, A; Ostrovskiy, I; Perna, A; Piepke, A; Pocar, A; Retiere, F; Robinson, AL; Rowson, PC; Rudde, D; Runge, J; Schmidt, S; Sinclair, D; Skarpaas, K; Soma, AK; Stekhanov, V; Tarka, M; Thibado, S; Todd, J; Tolba, T; Totev, TI; Tsang, R; Veenstra, B; Veeraraghavan, V; Vogel, P; Vuilleumier, J-L; Wagenpfeil, M; Watkins, J; Weber, M; Wen, LJ; Wichoski, U; Wrede, G; Wu, SX; Xia, Q; Yahne, DR; Yang, L; Yen, Y-R; Zeldovich, O Ya; Ziegler, T
    A search for Majoron-emitting modes of the neutrinoless double-beta decay of $^{136}$Xe is performed with the full EXO-200 dataset. This dataset consists of a total $^{136}$Xe exposure of 234.1 kg$\cdot$yr, and includes data with detector upgrades that have improved the energy threshold relative to previous searches. A lower limit of T$_{1/2}^{\rm{^{136}Xe}}>$4.3$\cdot$10$^{24}$ yr at 90\% C.L. on the half-life of the spectral index $n=1$ Majoron decay was obtained, a factor of 3.6 more stringent than the previous limit from EXO-200, corresponding to a constraint on the Majoron-neutrino coupling constant of $|\langle g_{ee}^{M}\rangle|$$<(0.4$-$0.9)\cdot10^{-5}$. The lower threshold and the additional data taken resulted in a factor 8.4 improvement for the $n=7$ mode compared to the previous EXO search. This search provides the most stringent limits to-date on the Majoron-emitting decays of $^{136}$Xe with spectral indices $n=1,2,3,$ and 7.
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    The EXO-200 detector, part II: Auxiliary Systems
    Ackerman, N; Albert, J; Auger, M; Auty, DJ; Badhrees, I; Barbeau, PS; Bartoszek, L; Baussan, E; Belov, V; Benitez-Medina, C; Bhatta, T; Breidenbach, M; Brunner, T; Cao, GF; Cen, WR; Chambers, C; Cleveland, B; Conley, R; Cook, S; Coon, M; Craddock, W; Craycraft, A; Cree, W; Daniels, T; Darroch, L; Daugherty, SJ; Daughhetee, J; Davis, CG; Davis, J; Delaquis, S; Mesrobian-Kabakian, A Der; deVoe, R; Didberidze, T; Dilling, J; Dobi, A; Dolgolenko, AG; Dolinski, MJ; Dunford, M; Echevers, J; Espic, L; Jr, W Fairbank; Fairbank, D; Farine, J; Feldmeier, W; Feyzbakhsh, S; Fierlinger, P; Fouts, K; Franco, D; Freytag, D; Fudenberg, D; Gautam, P; Giroux, G; Gornea, R; Graham, K; Gratta, G; Hagemann, C; Hall, C; Hall, K; Haller, G; Hansen, EV; Hargrove, C; Herbst, R; Herrin, S; Hodgson, J; Hughes, M; Iverson, A; Jamil, A; Jessiman, C; Jewell, MJ; Johnson, A; Johnson, TN; Johnston, S; Karelin, A; Kaufman, LJ; Killick, R; Koffas, T; Kravitz, S; Krücken, R; Kuchenkov, A; Kumar, KS; Lan, Y; Larson, A; Leonard, DS; Leonard, F; LePort, F; Li, GS; Li, S; Li, Z; Licciardi, C; Lin, YH; Mackay, D; MacLellan, R; Marino, M; Martin, J-M; Martin, Y; McElroy, T; McFarlane, K; Michel, T; Mong, B; Moore, DC; Murray, K; Neilson, R; Njoya, O; Nusair, O; O'Sullivan, K; Odian, A; Ostrovskiy, I; Ouellet, C; Piepke, A; Pocar, A; Prescott, CY; Pushkin, K; Retiere, F; Rivas, A; Robinson, AL; Rollin, E; Rowson, PC; Rozo, MP; Runge, J; Russell, JJ; Schmidt, S; Schubert, A; Sinclair, D; Skarpaas, K; Slutsky, S; Smith, E; Soma, AK; Stekhanov, V; Strickland, V; Swift, M; Tarka, M; Todd, J; Tolba, T; Tosi, D; Totev, TI; Tsang, R; Twelker, K; Veenstra, B; Veeraraghavan, V; Vuilleumier, J-L; Vuilleumier, J-M; Wagenpfeil, M; Waite, A; Walton, J; Walton, T; Wamba, K; Watkins, J; Weber, M; Wen, LJ; Wichoski, U; Wittgen, M; Wodin, J; Wood, J; Wrede, G; Wu, SX; Xia, Q; Yang, L; Yen, Y-R; Zeldovich, O Ya; Ziegler, T
    The EXO-200 experiment searched for neutrinoless double-beta decay of $^{136}$Xe with a single-phase liquid xenon detector. It used an active mass of 110 kg of 80.6%-enriched liquid xenon in an ultra-low background time projection chamber with ionization and scintillation detection and readout. This paper describes the design and performance of the various support systems necessary for detector operation, including cryogenics, xenon handling, and controls. Novel features of the system were driven by the need to protect the thin-walled detector chamber containing the liquid xenon, to achieve high chemical purity of the Xe, and to maintain thermal uniformity across the detector.