Browsing by Author "Sotgiu, Giovanni"
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Item Open Access An international perspective on hospitalized patients with viral community-acquired pneumonia.(European journal of internal medicine, 2019-02) Radovanovic, Dejan; Sotgiu, Giovanni; Jankovic, Mateja; Mahesh, Padukudru Anand; Marcos, Pedro Jorge; Abdalla, Mohamed I; Di Pasquale, Marta Francesca; Gramegna, Andrea; Gramegna, Andrea; Terraneo, Silvia; Blasi, Francesco; Santus, Pierachille; Aliberti, Stefano; Reyes, Luis F; Restrepo, Marcos I; GLIMP Study GroupBackground
Who should be tested for viruses in patients with community acquired pneumonia (CAP), prevalence and risk factors for viral CAP are still debated. We evaluated the frequency of viral testing, virus prevalence, risk factors and treatment coverage with oseltamivir in patients admitted for CAP.Methods
Secondary analysis of GLIMP, an international, multicenter, point-prevalence study of hospitalized adults with CAP. Testing frequency, prevalence of viral CAP and treatment with oseltamivir were assessed among patients who underwent a viral swab. Univariate and multivariate analysis was used to evaluate risk factors.Results
553 (14.9%) patients with CAP underwent nasal swab. Viral CAP was diagnosed in 157 (28.4%) patients. Influenza virus was isolated in 80.9% of cases. Testing frequency and viral CAP prevalence were inhomogeneous across the participating centers. Obesity (OR 1.59, 95%CI: 1.01-2.48; p = 0.043) and need for invasive mechanical ventilation (OR 1.62, 95%CI: 1.02-2.56; p = 0.040) were independently associated with viral CAP. Prevalence of empirical treatment with oseltamivir was 5.1%.Conclusion
In an international scenario, testing frequency for viruses in CAP is very low. The most common cause of viral CAP is Influenza virus. Obesity and need for invasive ventilation represent independent risk factors for viral CAP. Adherence to recommendations for treatment with oseltamivir is poor.Item Open Access Aspiration Risk Factors, Microbiology, and Empiric Antibiotics for Patients Hospitalized With Community-Acquired Pneumonia.(Chest, 2021-01) Marin-Corral, Judith; Pascual-Guardia, Sergi; Amati, Francesco; Aliberti, Stefano; Masclans, Joan R; Soni, Nilam; Rodriguez, Alejandro; Sibila, Oriol; Sanz, Francisco; Sotgiu, Giovanni; Anzueto, Antonio; Dimakou, Katerina; Petrino, Roberta; van de Garde, Ewoudt; Restrepo, Marcos I; GLIMP investigatorsBackground
Aspiration community-acquired pneumonia (ACAP) and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in patients with aspiration risk factors (AspRFs) are infections associated with anaerobes, but limited evidence suggests their pathogenic role.Research question
What are the aspiration risk factors, microbiology patterns, and empiric anti-anaerobic use in patients hospitalized with CAP?Study design and methods
This is a secondary analysis of GLIMP, an international, multicenter, point-prevalence study of adults hospitalized with CAP. Patients were stratified into three groups: (1) ACAP, (2) CAP/AspRF+ (CAP with AspRF), and (3) CAP/AspRF- (CAP without AspRF). Data on demographics, comorbidities, microbiological results, and anti-anaerobic antibiotics were analyzed in all groups. Patients were further stratified in severe and nonsevere CAP groups.Results
We enrolled 2,606 patients with CAP, of which 193 (7.4%) had ACAP. Risk factors independently associated with ACAP were male, bedridden, underweight, a nursing home resident, and having a history of stroke, dementia, mental illness, and enteral tube feeding. Among non-ACAP patients, 1,709 (70.8%) had CAP/AspRF+ and 704 (29.2%) had CAP/AspRF-. Microbiology patterns including anaerobes were similar between CAP/AspRF-, CAP/AspRF+ and ACAP (0.0% vs 1.03% vs 1.64%). Patients with severe ACAP had higher rates of total gram-negative bacteria (64.3% vs 44.3% vs 33.3%, P = .021) and lower rates of total gram-positive bacteria (7.1% vs 38.1% vs 50.0%, P < .001) when compared with patients with severe CAP/AspRF+ and severe CAP/AspRF-, respectively. Most patients (>50% in all groups) independent of AspRFs or ACAP received specific or broad-spectrum anti-anaerobic coverage antibiotics.Interpretation
Hospitalized patients with ACAP or CAP/AspRF+ had similar anaerobic flora compared with patients without aspiration risk factors. Gram-negative bacteria were more prevalent in patients with severe ACAP. Despite having similar microbiological flora between groups, a large proportion of CAP patients received anti-anaerobic antibiotic coverage.Item Open Access Global initiative for meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia (GLIMP): an international, observational cohort study.(The Lancet. Infectious diseases, 2016-12) Aliberti, Stefano; Reyes, Luis F; Faverio, Paola; Sotgiu, Giovanni; Dore, Simone; Dore, Simone; Rodriguez, Alejandro H; Soni, Nilam J; Restrepo, Marcos I; GLIMP investigatorsBackground
Antibiotic resistance is a major global health problem and pathogens such as meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have become of particular concern in the management of lower respiratory tract infections. However, few data are available on the worldwide prevalence and risk factors for MRSA pneumonia. We aimed to determine the point prevalence of MRSA pneumonia and identify specific MRSA risk factors in community-dwelling patients hospitalised with pneumonia.Methods
We did an international, multicentre study of community-dwelling, adult patients admitted to hospital with pneumonia who had microbiological tests taken within 24 h of presentation. We recruited investigators from 222 hospitals in 54 countries to gather point-prevalence data for all patients admitted with these characteristics during 4 days randomly selected during the months of March, April, May, and June in 2015. We assessed prevalence of MRSA pneumonia and associated risk factors through logistic regression analysis.Findings
3702 patients hospitalised with pneumonia were enrolled, with 3193 patients receiving microbiological tests within 24 h of admission, forming the patient population. 1173 (37%) had at least one pathogen isolated (culture-positive population). The overall prevalence of confirmed MRSA pneumonia was 3·0% (n=95), with differing prevalence between continents and countries. Three risk factors were independently associated with MRSA pneumonia: previous MRSA infection or colonisation (odds ratio 6·21, 95% CI 3·25-11·85), recurrent skin infections (2·87, 1·10-7·45), and severe pneumonia disease (2·39, 1·55-3·68).Interpretation
This multicountry study shows low prevalence of MRSA pneumonia and specific MRSA risk factors among community-dwelling patients hospitalised with pneumonia.Funding
None.Item Open Access Individualizing duration of antibiotic therapy in community-acquired pneumonia.(Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2017-08) Aliberti, Stefano; Ramirez, Julio; Giuliani, Fabio; Wiemken, Timothy; Sotgiu, Giovanni; Tedeschi, Sara; Carugati, Manuela; Valenti, Vincenzo; Valenti, Vincenzo; Marchioni, Marco; Camera, Marco; Piro, Roberto; Del Forno, Manuela; Milani, Giuseppe; Faverio, Paola; Richeldi, Luca; Deotto, Martina; Villani, Massimiliano; Voza, Antonio; Tobaldini, Eleonora; Bernardi, Mauro; Bellone, Andrea; Bassetti, Matteo; Blasi, FrancescoInternational experts suggest tailoring antibiotic duration in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) according to patients' characteristics. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of an individualized approach to antibiotic duration based on time in which CAP patients reach clinical stability during hospitalization. In a multicenter, non-inferiority, randomized, controlled trial hospitalized adult patients with CAP reaching clinical stability within 5 days after hospitalization were randomized to a standard vs. individualized antibiotic duration. In the Individualized group, antibiotics were discontinued 48 h after the patient reached clinical stability, with at least five days of total antibiotic treatment. Early failure within 30 days was the primary composite outcome. 135 patients were randomized to the Standard group and 125 to the Individualized group. The trial was interrupted by the safety committee because of an apparent inferiority of the Individualized group over the Standard treatment: 14 (11.2%) patients in the Individualized group experienced early failure vs. 10 (7.4%) patients in the Standard group, p = 0.200, at the intention-to-treat analysis. 30-day mortality rate was four-time higher in the Individualized group than the Standard group. Shortening antibiotic duration according to patients' characteristics still remains an open question.Item Open Access Management of Acute Respiratory Failure Due to Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Systematic Review.(Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 2019-01) Vanoni, Nicolò Maria; Carugati, Manuela; Borsa, Noemi; Sotgiu, Giovanni; Saderi, Laura; Gori, Andrea; Mantero, Marco; Aliberti, Stefano; Blasi, FrancescoCommunity-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. CAP mortality is driven by the development of sepsis and acute respiratory failure (ARF). We performed a systematic review of the available English literature published in the period 1 January 1997 to 31 August 2017 and focused on ARF in CAP. The database searches identified 189 articles-of these, only 29 were retained for data extraction. Of these 29 articles, 12 addressed ARF in CAP without discussing its ventilatory management, while 17 evaluated the ventilatory management of ARF in CAP. In the studies assessing the ventilatory management, the specific treatments addressed were: high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) (n = 1), continuous positive airway pressure (n = 2), non-invasive ventilation (n = 9), and invasive mechanical ventilation (n = 5). When analyzed, non-invasive ventilation (NIV) success rates ranged from 20% to 76% and they strongly predicted survival, while NIV failure led to an increased risk of adverse outcome. In conclusion, ARF in CAP patients may require both ventilatory and non-ventilatory management. Further research is needed to better evaluate the use of NIV and HFNC in those patients. Alongside the prompt administration of antimicrobials, the potential use of steroids and the implementation of severity scores should also be considered.Item Open Access Prevalence and Etiology of Community-acquired Pneumonia in Immunocompromised Patients.(Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2019-04) Di Pasquale, Marta Francesca; Sotgiu, Giovanni; Gramegna, Andrea; Gramegna, Andrea; Radovanovic, Dejan; Terraneo, Silvia; Reyes, Luis F; Rupp, Jan; González Del Castillo, Juan; Blasi, Francesco; Aliberti, Stefano; Restrepo, Marcos I; GLIMP InvestigatorsBackground
The correct management of immunocompromised patients with pneumonia is debated. We evaluated the prevalence, risk factors, and characteristics of immunocompromised patients coming from the community with pneumonia.Methods
We conducted a secondary analysis of an international, multicenter study enrolling adult patients coming from the community with pneumonia and hospitalized in 222 hospitals in 54 countries worldwide. Risk factors for immunocompromise included AIDS, aplastic anemia, asplenia, hematological cancer, chemotherapy, neutropenia, biological drug use, lung transplantation, chronic steroid use, and solid tumor.Results
At least 1 risk factor for immunocompromise was recorded in 18% of the 3702 patients enrolled. The prevalences of risk factors significantly differed across continents and countries, with chronic steroid use (45%), hematological cancer (25%), and chemotherapy (22%) the most common. Among immunocompromised patients, community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) pathogens were the most frequently identified, and prevalences did not differ from those in immunocompetent patients. Risk factors for immunocompromise were independently associated with neither Pseudomonas aeruginosa nor non-community-acquired bacteria. Specific risk factors were independently associated with fungal infections (odds ratio for AIDS and hematological cancer, 15.10 and 4.65, respectively; both P = .001), mycobacterial infections (AIDS; P = .006), and viral infections other than influenza (hematological cancer, 5.49; P < .001).Conclusions
Our findings could be considered by clinicians in prescribing empiric antibiotic therapy for CAP in immunocompromised patients. Patients with AIDS and hematological cancer admitted with CAP may have higher prevalences of fungi, mycobacteria, and noninfluenza viruses.