Browsing by Author "Vira, Shaleen"
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Item Open Access Cost Benefit of Implementation of Risk Stratification Models for Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery.(Global Spine J, 2023-12-11) Passias, Peter G; Williamson, Tyler K; Kummer, Nicholas A; Pellisé, Ferran; Lafage, Virginie; Lafage, Renaud; Serra-Burriel, Miguel; Smith, Justin S; Line, Breton; Vira, Shaleen; Gum, Jeffrey L; Haddad, Sleiman; Sánchez Pérez-Grueso, Francisco Javier; Schoenfeld, Andrew J; Daniels, Alan H; Chou, Dean; Klineberg, Eric O; Gupta, Munish C; Kebaish, Khaled M; Kelly, Michael P; Hart, Robert A; Burton, Douglas C; Kleinstück, Frank; Obeid, Ibrahim; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Alanay, Ahmet; Ames, Christopher P; Schwab, Frank J; Hostin, Richard A; Bess, Shay; International Spine Study GroupSTUDY DESIGN/SETTING: Retrospective cohort study. OBJECTIVE: Assess the extent to which defined risk factors of adverse events are drivers of cost-utility in spinal deformity (ASD) surgery. METHODS: ASD patients with 2-year (2Y) data were included. Tertiles were used to define high degrees of frailty, sagittal deformity, blood loss, and surgical time. Cost was calculated using the Pearl Diver registry and cost-utility at 2Y was compared between cohorts based on the number of risk factors present. Statistically significant differences in cost-utility by number of baseline risk factors were determined using ANOVA, followed by a generalized linear model, adjusting for clinical site and surgeon, to assess the effects of increasing risk score on overall cost-utility. RESULTS: By 2 years, 31% experienced a major complication and 23% underwent reoperation. Patients with ≤2 risk factors had significantly less major complications. Patients with 2 risk factors improved the most from baseline to 2Y in ODI. Average cost increased by $8234 per risk factor (R2 = .981). Cost-per-QALY at 2Y increased by $122,650 per risk factor (R2 = .794). Adjusted generalized linear model demonstrated a significant trend between increasing risk score and increasing cost-utility (r2 = .408, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The number of defined patient-specific and surgical risk factors, especially those with greater than two, were associated with increased index surgical costs and diminished cost-utility. Efforts to optimize patient physiology and minimize surgical risk would likely reduce healthcare expenditures and improve the overall cost-utility profile for ASD interventions.Level of evidence: III.Item Open Access Does vertebral level of pedicle subtraction osteotomy correlate with degree of spinopelvic parameter correction?(Journal of neurosurgery. Spine, 2011-02) Lafage, Virginie; Schwab, Frank; Vira, Shaleen; Hart, Robert; Burton, Douglas; Smith, Justin S; Boachie-Adjei, Oheneba; Shelokov, Alexis; Hostin, Richard; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Gupta, Munish; Akbarnia, Behrooz A; Bess, Shay; Farcy, Jean-PierreObject
Pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) is a spinal realignment technique that may be used to correct sagittal spinal imbalance. Theoretically, the level and degree of resection via a PSO should impact the degree of sagittal plane correction in the setting of deformity. However, the quantitative effect of PSO level and focal angular change on postoperative spinopelvic parameters has not been well described. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between the level/degree of PSO and changes in global sagittal balance and spinopelvic parameters.Methods
In this multicenter retrospective study, 70 patients (54 women and 16 men) underwent lumbar PSO surgery for spinal imbalance. Preoperative and postoperative free-standing sagittal radiographs were obtained and analyzed by regional curves (lumbar, thoracic, and thoracolumbar), pelvic parameters (pelvic incidence and pelvic tilt [PT]) and global balance (sagittal vertical axis [SVA] and T-1 spinopelvic inclination). Correlations between PSO parameters (level and degree of change in angle between the 2 adjacent vertebrae) and spinopelvic measurements were analyzed.Results
Pedicle subtraction osteotomy distribution by level and degree of correction was as follows: L-1 (6 patients, 24°), L-2 (15 patients, 24°), L-3 (29 patients, 25°), and L-4 (20 patients, 22°). There was no significant difference in the focal correction achieved by PSO by level. All patients demonstrated changes in preoperative to postoperative parameters including increased lumbar lordosis (from 20° to 49°, p < 0.001), increased thoracic kyphosis (from 30° to 38°, p < 0.001), decreased SVA and T-1 spinopelvic inclination (from 122 to 34 mm, p < 0.001 and from +3° to -4°, p < 0.001, respectively), and decreased PT (from 31° to 23°, p < 0.001). More caudal PSO was correlated with greater PT reduction (r = -0.410, p < 0.05). No correlation was found between SVA correction and PSO location. The PSO degree was correlated with change in thoracic kyphosis (r = -0.474, p < 0.001), lumbar lordosis (r = 0.667, p < 0.001), sacral slope (r = 0.426, p < 0.001), and PT (r = -0.358, p < 0.005).Conclusions
The degree of PSO resection correlates more with spinopelvic parameters (lumbar lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, PT, and sacral slope) than PSO level. More importantly, PSO level impacts postoperative PT correction but not SVA.Item Open Access Establishment of an Individualized Distal Junctional Kyphosis Risk Index following the Surgical Treatment of Adult Cervical Deformities.(Spine, 2023-01) Passias, Peter G; Naessig, Sara; Sagoo, Navraj; Passfall, Lara; Ahmad, Waleed; Lafage, Renaud; Lafage, Virginie; Vira, Shaleen; Schoenfeld, Andrew J; Oh, Cheongeun; Protopsaltis, Themistocles; Kim, Han Jo; Daniels, Alan; Hart, Robert; Burton, Douglas; Klineberg, Eric O; Bess, Shay; Schwab, Frank; Shaffrey, Christopher; Ames, Christopher P; Smith, Justin S; International Spine Study GroupStudy design
A retrospective review of a multicenter comprehensive cervical deformity (CD) database.Objective
To develop a novel risk index specific to each patient to aid in patient counseling and surgical planning to minimize postop distal junctional kyphosis (DJK) occurrence.Background
DJK is a radiographic finding identified after patients undergo instrumented spinal fusions which can result in sagittal spinal deformity, pain and disability, and potentially neurological compromise. DJK is considered multifactorial in nature and there is a lack of consensus on the true etiology of DJK.Materials and methods
CD patients with baseline (BL) and at least one-year postoperative radiographic follow-up were included. A patient-specific DJK score was created through use of unstandardized Beta weights of a multivariate regression model predicting DJK (end of fusion construct to the second distal vertebra change in this angle by <-10° from BL to postop).Results
A total of 110 CD patients included (61 yr, 66.4% females, 28.8 kg/m 2 ). In all, 31.8% of these patients developed DJK (16.1% three males, 11.4% six males, 62.9% one-year). At BL, DJK patients were more frail and underwent combined approach more (both P <0.05). Multivariate model regression analysis identified individualized scores through creation of a DJK equation: -0.55+0.009 (BL inclination)-0.078 (preinflection)+5.9×10 -5 (BL lowest instrumented vertebra angle) + 0.43 (combine approach)-0.002 (BL TS-CL)-0.002 (BL pelvic tilt)-0.031 (BL C2 - C7) + 0.02 (∆T4-T12)+ 0.63 (osteoporosis)-0.03 (anterior approach)-0.036 (frail)-0.032 (3 column osteotomy). This equation has a 77.8% accuracy of predicting DJK. A score ≥81 predicted DJK with an accuracy of 89.3%. The BL reference equation correlated with two year outcomes of Numeric Rating Scales of Back percentage ( P =0.003), reoperation ( P =0.04), and minimal clinically importance differences for 5-dimension EuroQol questionnaire ( P =0.04).Conclusions
This study proposes a novel risk index of DJK development that focuses on potentially modifiable surgical factors as well as established patient-related and radiographic determinants. The reference model created demonstrated strong correlations with relevant two-year outcome measures, including axial pain-related symptoms, occurrence of related reoperations, and the achievement of minimal clinically importance differences for 5-dimension EuroQol questionnaire.Item Open Access Evolution of Adult Cervical Deformity Surgery Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes Based on a Multicenter Prospective Study: Are Behaviors and Outcomes Changing With Experience?(Spine, 2022-11) Passias, Peter G; Krol, Oscar; Moattari, Kevin; Williamson, Tyler K; Lafage, Virginie; Lafage, Renaud; Kim, Han Jo; Daniels, Alan; Diebo, Bassel; Protopsaltis, Themistocles; Mundis, Gregory; Kebaish, Khaled; Soroceanu, Alexandra; Scheer, Justin; Hamilton, D Kojo; Klineberg, Eric; Schoenfeld, Andrew J; Vira, Shaleen; Line, Breton; Hart, Robert; Burton, Douglas C; Schwab, Frank A; Shaffrey, Christopher; Bess, Shay; Smith, Justin S; Ames, Christopher P; International Spine Study GroupStudy design
Retrospective cohort study.Objective
Assess changes in outcomes and surgical approaches for adult cervical deformity surgery over time.Summary of background data
As the population ages and the prevalence of cervical deformity increases, corrective surgery has been increasingly seen as a viable treatment. Dramatic surgical advancements and expansion of knowledge on this procedure have transpired over the years, but the impact on cervical deformity surgery is unknown.Materials and methods
Adult cervical deformity patients (18 yrs and above) with complete baseline and up to the two-year health-related quality of life and radiographic data were included. Descriptive analysis included demographics, radiographic, and surgical details. Patients were grouped into early (2013-2014) and late (2015-2017) by date of surgery. Univariate and multivariable regression analyses were used to assess differences in surgical, radiographic, and clinical outcomes over time.Results
A total of 119 cervical deformity patients met the inclusion criteria. Early group consisted of 72 patients, and late group consisted of 47. The late group had a higher Charlson Comorbidity Index (1.3 vs. 0.72), more cerebrovascular disease (6% vs. 0%, both P <0.05), and no difference in age, frailty, deformity, or cervical rigidity. Controlling for baseline deformity and age, late group underwent fewer three-column osteotomies [odds ratio (OR)=0.18, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.06-0.76, P =0.014]. At the last follow-up, late group had less patients with: a moderate/high Ames horizontal modifier (71.7% vs. 88.2%), and overcorrection in pelvic tilt (4.3% vs. 18.1%, both P <0.05). Controlling for baseline deformity, age, levels fused, and three-column osteotomies, late group experienced fewer adverse events (OR=0.15, 95% CI: 0.28-0.8, P =0.03), and neurological complications (OR=0.1, 95% CI: 0.012-0.87, P =0.03).Conclusion
Despite a population with greater comorbidity and associated risk, outcomes remained consistent between early and later time periods, indicating general improvements in care. The later cohort demonstrated fewer three-column osteotomies, less suboptimal realignments, and concomitant reductions in adverse events and neurological complications. This may suggest a greater facility with less invasive techniques.Item Open Access Identifying Subsets of Patients With Adult Spinal Deformity Who Maintained a Positive Response to Nonoperative Management.(Neurosurgery, 2023-03) Passias, Peter G; Ahmad, Waleed; Tretiakov, Peter; Krol, Oscar; Segreto, Frank; Lafage, Renaud; Lafage, Virginie; Soroceanu, Alex; Daniels, Alan; Gum, Jeffrey; Line, Breton; Schoenfeld, Andrew J; Vira, Shaleen; Hart, Robert; Burton, Douglas; Smith, Justin S; Ames, Christopher P; Shaffrey, Christopher; Schwab, Frank; Bess, Shay; International Spine Study GroupBackground
Adult spinal deformity (ASD) represents a major cause of disability in the elderly population in the United States. Surgical intervention has been shown to reduce disability and pain in properly indicated patients. However, there is a small subset of patients in whom nonoperative treatment is also able to durably maintain or improve symptoms.Objective
To examine the factors associated with successful nonoperative management in patients with ASD.Methods
We retrospectively evaluated a cohort of 207 patients with nonoperative ASD, stratified into 3 groups: (1) success, (2) no change, and (3) failure. Success was defined as a gain in minimal clinically importance difference in both Oswestry Disability Index and Scoliosis Research Society-Pain. Logistic regression model and conditional inference decision trees established cutoffs for success according to baseline (BL) frailty and sagittal vertical axis.Results
In our cohort, 44.9% of patients experienced successful nonoperative treatment, 22.7% exhibited no change, and 32.4% failed. Successful nonoperative patients at BL were significantly younger, had a lower body mass index, decreased Charlson Comorbidity Index, lower frailty scores, lower rates of hypertension, obesity, depression, and neurological dysfunction (all P < .05) and significantly higher rates of grade 0 deformity for all Schwab modifiers (all P < .05). Conditional inference decision tree analysis determined that patients with a BL ASD-frailty index ≤ 1.579 (odds ratio: 8.3 [4.0-17.5], P < .001) were significantly more likely to achieve nonoperative success.Conclusion
Success of nonoperative treatment was more frequent among younger patients and those with less severe deformity and frailty at BL, with BL frailty the most important determinant factor. The factors presented here may be useful in informing preoperative discussion and clinical decision-making regarding treatment strategies.Item Open Access Improvements in Outcomes and Cost After Adult Spinal Deformity Corrective Surgery Between 2008 and 2019.(Spine, 2023-02) Passias, Peter G; Kummer, Nicholas; Imbo, Bailey; Lafage, Virginie; Lafage, Renaud; Smith, Justin S; Line, Breton; Vira, Shaleen; Schoenfeld, Andrew J; Gum, Jeffrey L; Daniels, Alan H; Klineberg, Eric O; Gupta, Munish C; Kebaish, Khaled M; Jain, Amit; Neuman, Brian J; Chou, Dean; Carreon, Leah Y; Hart, Robert A; Burton, Douglas C; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Ames, Christopher P; Schwab, Frank J; Hostin, Richard A; Bess, Shay; , on behalf of the International Spine Study GroupStudy design
A retrospective cohort study.Objective
To assess whether patient outcomes and cost-effectiveness of adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery have improved over the past decade.Background
Surgery for ASD is an effective intervention, but one that is also associated with large initial healthcare expenditures. Changes in the cost profile for ASD surgery over the last decade has not been evaluated previously.Materials and methods
ASD patients who received surgery between 2008 and 2019 were included. Analysis of covariance was used to establish estimated marginal means for outcome measures [complication rates, reoperations, health-related quality of life, total cost, utility gained, quality adjusted life years (QALYs), cost-efficiency (cost per QALY)] by year of initial surgery. Cost was calculated using the PearlDiver database and represented national averages of Medicare reimbursement for services within a 30-day window including length of stay and death differentiated by complication/comorbidity, revision, and surgical approach. Internal cost data was based on individual patient diagnosis-related group codes, limiting revisions to those within two years (2Y) of the initial surgery. Cost per QALY over the course of 2008-2019 were then calculated.Results
There were 1236 patients included. There was an overall decrease in rates of any complication (0.78 vs . 0.61), any reoperation (0.25 vs . 0.10), and minor complication (0.54 vs . 0.37) between 2009 and 2018 (all P <0.05). National average 2Y cost decreased at an annual rate of $3194 ( R2 =0.6602), 2Y utility gained increased at an annual rate of 0.0041 ( R2 =0.57), 2Y QALYs gained increased annually by 0.008 ( R2 =0.57), and 2Y cost per QALY decreased per year by $39,953 ( R2 =0.6778).Conclusion
Between 2008 and 2019, rates of complications have decreased concurrently with improvements in patient reported outcomes, resulting in improved cost effectiveness according to national Medicare average and individual patient cost data. The value of ASD surgery has improved substantially over the course of the last decade.Item Open Access Novel Angular Measures of Cervical Deformity Account for Upper Cervical Compensation and Sagittal Alignment.(Clinical spine surgery, 2017-08) Protopsaltis, Themistocles S; Lafage, Renaud; Vira, Shaleen; Sciubba, Daniel; Soroceanu, Alex; Hamilton, Kojo; Smith, Justin; Passias, Peter G; Mundis, Gregory; Hart, Robert; Schwab, Frank; Klineberg, Eric; Shaffrey, Christopher; Lafage, Virginie; Ames, Christopher; International Spine Study GroupStudy design
This is a retrospective review of a prospective multicenter database.Objective
This study introduces 2 new cervical alignment measures accounting for both cervical deformity (CD) and upper cervical compensation.Summary of background data
Current descriptions of CD like the C2-C7 sagittal vertical axis (cSVA) do not account for compensatory mechanisms such as C0-C2 lordosis and pelvic tilt, which makes surgical planning difficult. The craniocervical angle (CCA) combines the slope of McGregor's line and the inclination from C7 to the hard palate. The C2-pelvic tilt (CPT) combines C2 tilt and pelvic tilt. Like the T1 pelvic angle, CPT is less affected by lower extremity and pelvic compensation.Methods
Novel and existing CD measures were correlated in 781 patients from a thoracolumbar deformity (TLD) database and 61 patients from a prospective CD database. CD patients were subanalyzed by region of deformity driver: cervical or cervico-thoracic junction. TLD patients were substratified according to whether or not they had CD as well, where CD was defined as cSVA>4 cm or T1 slope minus cervical lordosis mismatch (TS-CL) >20.Results
TLD cohort: mean cSVA was 31.7±17.8 mm. Subanalysis of TLD patients with CD versus no-CD demonstrated significant differences in CCA (56.2 vs. 60.6, P<0.001) and CPT (32.6 vs. 19.3, P<0.001). CCA and CPT correlated with cSVA (r=-0.488/r=0.418, P<0.001) and C0-C2 lordosis (r=-0.630/r=0.289,P<0.001). CD cohort: mean cSVA was 47.3±32.2 mm. CCA and CPT correlated with cSVA (r=-0.811/r=0.657, P<0.001) and C0-C2 lordosis (r=-0.656/r=0.610, P<0.001). CD cohort subanalysis indicated that CT patients were significantly more deformed by cSVA (71.3 vs 24.0 mm, P<0.001), CCA (47.1 vs 59.1 degrees, P<0.001), and CPT (63.3 vs 43.8 degrees, P=0.002). Using linear regression analysis, cSVA of 4 cm corresponded to CCA of 53.2 degrees (r=0.5) and CPT of 48.5 degrees (r=0.4).Conclusions
CCA and CPT account for both cervical sagittal alignment and upper cervical compensation and can be utilized in assessment of cervical alignment.Item Open Access Pelvic Nonresponse Following Treatment of Adult Spinal Deformity: Influence of Realignment Strategies on Occurrence.(Spine, 2023-05) Passias, Peter G; Pierce, Katherine E; Williamson, Tyler K; Krol, Oscar; Lafage, Renaud; Lafage, Virginie; Schoenfeld, Andrew J; Protopsaltis, Themistocles S; Vira, Shaleen; Line, Breton; Diebo, Bassel G; Ames, Christopher P; Kim, Han Jo; Smith, Justin S; Chou, Dean; Daniels, Alan H; Gum, Jeffrey L; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Burton, Douglas C; Kelly, Michael P; Klineberg, Eric O; Hart, Robert A; Bess, Shay; Schwab, Frank J; Gupta, Munish C; International Spine Study GroupPurpose
Despite adequate correction, the pelvis may fail to readjust, deemed pelvic nonresponse (PNR). To assess alignment outcomes [PNR, proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK), postoperative cervical deformity (CD)] following adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery utilizing different realignment strategies.Materials and methods
ASD patients with two-year data were included. PNR defined as undercorrected in age-adjusted pelvic tilt (PT) at six weeks and maintained at two years. Patients classified by alignment utilities: (a) improvement in Scoliosis Research Society-Schwab sagittal vertical axis, (b) matching in age-adjusted pelvic incidence-lumbar lordosis, (c) matching in Roussouly, (d) aligning Global Alignment and Proportionality (GAP) score. Multivariable regression analyses, controlling for age, baseline deformity, and surgical factors, assessed rates of PNR, PJK, and CD development following realignment.Results
A total of 686 patients met the inclusion criteria. Rates of postoperative PJK and CD were not significant in the PNR group (both P >0.15). PNR patients less often met substantial clinical benefit in Oswestry Disability Index by two years [odds ratio: 0.6 (0.4-0.98)]. Patients overcorrected in age-adjusted pelvic incidence-lumbar lordosis, matching Roussouly, or proportioned in GAP at six weeks had lower rates of PNR (all P <0.001). Incremental addition of classifications led to 0% occurrence of PNR, PJK, and CD. Stratifying by baseline PT severity, Low and moderate deformity demonstrated the least incidence of PNR (7.7%) when proportioning in GAP at six weeks, while severe PT benefited most from matching in Roussouly (all P <0.05).Conclusions
Following ASD corrective surgery, 24.9% of patients showed residual pelvic malalignment. This occurrence was often accompanied by undercorrection of lumbopelvic mismatch and less improvement of pain. However, overcorrection in any strategy incurred higher rates of PJK. We recommend surgeons identify a middle ground using one, or more, of the available classifications to inform correction goals in this regard.Level of evidence
III.Item Open Access Recovery kinetics following spinal deformity correction: a comparison of isolated cervical, thoracolumbar, and combined deformity morphometries.(The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society, 2019-08) Passias, Peter G; Segreto, Frank A; Lafage, Renaud; Lafage, Virginie; Smith, Justin S; Line, Breton G; Scheer, Justin K; Mundis, Gregory M; Hamilton, D Kojo; Kim, Han Jo; Horn, Samantha R; Bortz, Cole A; Diebo, Bassel G; Vira, Shaleen; Gupta, Munish C; Klineberg, Eric O; Burton, Douglas C; Hart, Robert A; Schwab, Frank J; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Ames, Christopher P; Bess, Shay; International Spine Study GroupBACKGROUND CONTEXT:The postoperative recovery patterns of cervical deformity patients, thoracolumbar deformity patients, and patients with combined cervical and thoracolumbar deformities, all relative to one another, is not well understood. Clear objective benchmarks are needed to quantitatively define a "good" versus a "bad" postoperative recovery across multiple follow-up visits, varying deformity types, and guide expectations. PURPOSE:To objectively define and compare the complete 2-year postoperative recovery process among operative cervical only, thoracolumbar only, and combined deformity patients using area-under-the-curve (AUC) methodology. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING:Retrospective review of 2 prospective, multicenter adult cervical and spinal deformity databases. PATIENT SAMPLE:One hundred seventy spinal deformity patients. OUTCOME MEASURES:Common health-related quality of life (HRQOL) assessments across both databases included the EuroQol 5-Dimension Questionnaire and Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) back pain assessment. In order to compare disability improvements, the Neck Disability Index (NDI) and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) were merged into one outcome variable, the ODI-NDI. Both assessments are gauged on the same scale, with minimal question deviation. Sagittal Radiographic Alignment was also assessed at pre- and all postoperative time points. METHODS:Operative deformity patients >18 years old with baseline (BL) to 2-year HRQOLs were included. Patients were stratified by cervical only (C), thoracolumbar only (T), and combined deformities (CT). HRQOL and radiographic outcomes were compared within and between deformity groups. AUC normalization generated normalized HRQOL scores at BL and all follow-up intervals (6 weeks, 3 months, 1 year, and 2 year). Normalized scores were plotted against follow-up time interval. AUC was calculated for each follow-up interval, and total area was divided by cumulative follow-up length, determining overall, time-adjusted HRQOL recovery (Integrated Health State, IHS). Multiple linear regression models determined significant predictors of HRQOL discrepancies among deformity groups. RESULTS:One hundred seventy patients were included (27 C, 27 T, and 116 CT). Age, BMI, sex, smoking status, osteoporosis, depression, and BL HRQOL scores were similar among groups (p >. 05). T and CT patients had higher comorbidity severities (CCI: C 0.696, T 1.815, CT 1.699, p = .020). Posterior surgical approaches were most common (62.9%) followed by combined (28.8%) and anterior (6.5%). Standard HRQOL analysis found no significant differences among groups until 1-year follow-up, where C patients exhibited comparatively greater NRS back pain (4.88 vs. 3.65 vs. 3.28, p = .028). NRS Back pain differences between groups subsided by 2-years (p>.05). Despite C patients exhibiting significantly faster ODI-NDI minimal clinically important difference (MCID) achievement (33.3% vs. 0% vs. 23.0%, p < .001), all deformity groups exhibited similar ODI-NDI MCID achievement by 2-years (51.9% vs. 59.3% vs. 62.9%, p = 0.563). After HRQOL normalization, similar results were observed relative to the standard analysis (1-year NRS Back: C 1.17 vs. T 0.50 vs. CT 0.51, p < .001; 2-year NRS Back: 1.20 vs. 0.51 vs. 0.69, p = .060). C patients exhibited a worse NRS back normalized IHS (C 1.18 vs. T 0.58 vs. CT 0.63, p = .004), indicating C patients were in a greater state of postoperative back pain for a longer amount of time. Linear regression models determined postoperative distal junctional kyphosis (adjusted beta: 0.207, p = .039) and osteoporosis (adjusted beta: 0.269, p = .007) as the strongest predictors of a poor NRS back IHS (model summary: R2 = 0.177, p = .039). CONCLUSIONS:Despite C patients exhibiting a quicker rate of MCID disability (ODI-NDI) improvement, they exhibited a poorer overall recovery of back pain with worse NRS back scores compared with BL status and other deformity groups. Postoperative distal junctional kyphosis and osteoporosis were identified as primary drivers of a poor postoperative NRS back IHS. Utilization of the IHS, a single number adjusting for all postoperative HRQOL visits, in conjunction with predictive modelling may pose as an improved method of gauging the effect of surgical details and complications on a patient's entire recovery process.Item Open Access The Benefit of Addressing Malalignment In Revision Surgery for Proximal Junctional Kyphosis Following ASD Surgery.(Spine, 2022-09) Passias, Peter G; Krol, Oscar; Williamson, Tyler K; Lafage, Virginie; Lafage, Renaud; Smith, Justin S; Line, Breton; Vira, Shaleen; Lipa, Shaina; Daniels, Alan; Diebo, Bassel; Schoenfeld, Andrew; Gum, Jeffrey; Kebaish, Khaled; Park, Paul; Mundis, Gregory; Hostin, Richard; Gupta, Munish C; Eastlack, Robert; Anand, Neel; Ames, Christopher; Hart, Robert; Burton, Douglas; Schwab, Frank J; Shaffrey, Christopher; Klineberg, Eric; Bess, Shay; International Spine Study GroupStudy design
Retrospective cohort study.Objective
Understand the benefit of addressing malalignment in revision surgery for PJK.Summary of background data
Proximal junctional kyphosis(PJK) is a common cause of revision surgery for ASD patients. During a revision, surgeons may elect to perform a proximal extension of the fusion, or also correct the source of the lumbo-pelvic mismatch.Methods
Recurrent PJK following revision surgery was the primary outcome. Revision surgical strategy was the primary predictor(proximal extension of fusion alone compared to combined sagittal correction and proximal extension). Multivariable logistic regression determined rates of recurrent PJK between the two surgical groups with lumbo-pelvic surgical correction assessed through improving ideal alignment in one or more alignment criteria(Global Alignment and Proportionality[GAP],Roussouly-type, and Sagittal Age-Adjusted Score[SAAS]).Results
151 patients underwent revision surgery for PJK. PJK occurred at a rate of 43.0%, and PJF at 12.6%. Patients proportioned in GAP post-revision had lower rates of recurrent PJK(23% vs. 42%;OR: 0.3,95% CI:[0.1-0.8];P=0.024). Following adjusted analysis, patients who were ideally aligned in 1 of 3 criteria (Matching in SAAS and/or Roussouly matched and/or achieved GAP proportionality) had lower rates of recurrent PJK (36% vs. 53%;OR: 0.4,95% CI:[0.1-0.9];P=0.035) and recurrent PJF(OR: 0.1,95% CI:[0.02-0.7];P=0.015). Patients ideally aligned in 2 of 3 criteria avoid any development of PJF(0% vs. 16%, P<0.001).Conclusion
Following revision surgery for proximal junctional kyphosis, patients with persistent poor sagittal alignment showed increased rates of recurrent proximal junctional kyphosis compared with patients who had abnormal lumbo-pelvic alignment corrected during the revision. These findings suggest addressing the root cause of surgical failure in addition to proximal extension of the fusion may be beneficial.Item Open Access Three-Column Osteotomy in Adult Spinal Deformity: An Analysis of Temporal Trends in Usage and Outcomes.(The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume, 2022-11) Passias, Peter G; Krol, Oscar; Passfall, Lara; Lafage, Virginie; Lafage, Renaud; Smith, Justin S; Line, Breton; Vira, Shaleen; Daniels, Alan H; Diebo, Bassel; Schoenfeld, Andrew J; Gum, Jeffrey; Kebaish, Khaled; Than, Khoi; Kim, Han Jo; Hostin, Richard; Gupta, Munish; Eastlack, Robert; Burton, Douglas; Schwab, Frank J; Shaffrey, Christopher; Klineberg, Eric O; Bess, Shay; the International Spine Study GroupBackground
Three-column osteotomies (3COs), usually in the form of pedicle subtraction or vertebral column resection, have become common in adult spinal deformity surgery. Although a powerful tool for deformity correction, 3COs can increase the risks of perioperative morbidity.Methods
Operative patients with adult spinal deformity (Cobb angle of >20°, sagittal vertical axis [SVA] of >5 cm, pelvic tilt of >25°, and/or thoracic kyphosis of >60°) with available baseline and 2-year radiographic and health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) data were included. Patients were stratified into 2 groups by surgical year: Group I (2008 to 2013) and Group II (2014 to 2018). Patients with 3COs were then isolated for outcomes analysis. Severe sagittal deformity was defined by an SVA of >9.5 cm. Best clinical outcome (BCO) was defined as an Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) of <15 and Scoliosis Research Society (SRS)-22 of >4.5. Multivariable regression analyses were used to assess differences in surgical, radiographic, and clinical parameters.Results
Seven hundred and fifty-two patients with adult spinal deformity met the inclusion criteria, and 138 patients underwent a 3CO. Controlling for baseline SVA, PI-LL (pelvic incidence minus lumbar lordosis), revision status, age, and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), Group II was less likely than Group I to have a 3CO (21% versus 31%; odds ratio [OR] = 0.6; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.4 to 0.97) and more likely to have an anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF; OR = 1.6; 95% CI = 1.3 to 2.3) and a lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF; OR = 3.8; 95% CI = 2.3 to 6.2). Adjusted analyses showed that Group II had a higher likelihood of supplemental rod usage (OR = 21.8; 95% CI = 7.8 to 61) and a lower likelihood of proximal junctional failure (PJF; OR = 0.23; 95% CI = 0.07 to 0.76) and overall hardware complications by 2 years (OR = 0.28; 95% CI = 0.1 to 0.8). In an adjusted analysis, Group II had a higher likelihood of titanium rod usage (OR = 2.7; 95% CI = 1.03 to 7.2). Group II had a lower 2-year ODI and higher scores on Short Form (SF)-36 components and SRS-22 total (p < 0.05 for all). Controlling for baseline ODI, Group II was more likely to reach the BCO for the ODI (OR = 2.8; 95% CI = 1.2 to 6.4) and the SRS-22 total score (OR = 4.6; 95% CI = 1.3 to 16).Conclusions
Over a 10-year period, the rates of 3CO usage declined, including in cases of severe deformity, with an increase in the usage of PJF prophylaxis. A better understanding of the utility of 3CO, along with a greater implementation of preventive measures, has led to a decrease in complications and PJF and a significant improvement in patient-reported outcome measures.Level of evidence
Therapeutic Level III . See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.