Browsing by Author "von Windheim, Jesko"

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    An Analysis of Cree's 2016 Scope 3 Greenhouse Gas Emissions
    (2018-04-26) Lesser, Bobbi
    Cree is a lighting and semi-conductor company headquartered in Durham, North Carolina. In an effort to increase their understanding of their company’s environmental footprint, Cree requested a calculation and analysis of their Scope 3 greenhouse gas emissions. This study used data provided by Cree to calculate the company’s Cree’s Scope 3 emissions in four areas: commercial and consumer lighting products use; the end-of-life for commercial and consumer lighting products; waste generated from direct manufacturing processes; and the transportation and distribution of products. Our analysis determined that the product use phase generated the greatest amount of Scope 3 emissions in 2016. Excluding the use phase, the transportation and distribution phase created the percentage of emissions. Based on these calculations, the team provided a set of recommendations advising Cree on how they can reduce their Scope 3 emissions. The methodology and dataset created by the team can be used by Cree for future studies.
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    An Experiential Analysis of Environmental Entrepreneurship
    (2014-04-23) Beuttell, Jack
    The prevailing definition of environmental entrepreneurship comes from a 2007 study that synthesizes economic and entrepreneurship literature: “the process of discovering, evaluating, and exploiting economic opportunities that are present in environmentally relevant market failures.” This definition provides a lens through which the environmental entrepreneur’s activities can de defined, evaluated, and differentiated. The entrepreneurial process is by no means a formulaic process, however. It is necessarily iterative and is characterized by time and financial limitations; one sketches a business strategy and then executes on that strategy. If and when something does not work, one adjusts accordingly and hopefully before money runs out or a competitor garners market share. My three years of startup experience at Duke reflect the “art of the start,” in the words of Guy Kawasaki, much more than the science of entrepreneurship. Through this process I developed 10 key insights that may be useful for other environmental entrepreneurs.
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    Bug Ideas: Assessing the market potential and regulation of insects
    (2017-04-28) Klonick, Alexander
    Insects can be grown at industrial scale using low energy, low water and high waste inputs. They have the correct nutritional makeup of protein, fat and omega-3s to supplement fishmeal when fed to fish, pigs and chickens. Furthermore, the ability to control the insect rearing conditions means the cost and output of insect meal can be more stable than fishmeal, which has dramatic price fluctuations. This leaves opportunity for a new feedstock to capitalize upon the increased demand for feed. This project will provide clarity and guidance in the emerging insect-based feedstock market. The two areas of focus are regulatory status and market potential. The primary geographical scope of this project will be the United States of America. However, given the global nature of feed, relevant tangential international implications will be presented as well.
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    Business Plan for Sustainable Ethanol Cooking Fuel in Developing World
    (2014-04-24) Zhou, Kerui; Shi, Wenjing
    Ethanol cooking fuel has great promise in developing countries, especially in South Asia and Africa, because it can yield significant economic, environmental and health benefits. This business plan aims to find a clean and ideal solution to promote ethanol cooking fuel and stoves cost-effectively for a representative developing country—Kenya. This plan compares the biological features of a couple of potential feedstock of ethanol and chooses sweet sorghum because of its great adaptability to semi-arid climate and short harvesting cycle. Next, by assessing the technical and economical feasibility of a local small-scale ethanol plant and bringing forward integrated solutions throughout the entire supply chain from the feedstock production to the retail of ethanol fuel products, this business plan indicates that ethanol cooking fuel and stoves can substitute prevalent fuel-wood and three-stone fire cost-effectively. The local production of ethanol can yield income benefits to local farmers by purchasing local feedstock, healthy benefits to local residents, especially women and children, and job-creating benefits to local communities by involving retailers, delivers and farmers into this business. Besides, if the investor further takes carbon credit generated from ethanol plant, byproducts of ethanol production and potential government subsidies or financial incentive policies into consideration, the profitability of this business could be improved additionally.
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    Commercializing Kelp: Marketing and Growth Strategies for the Crop of the Future
    (2022-04-22) Cappelli, Aaron
    Domestic kelp as a cultivated crop and as a consumer good in the US faces a variety of hurdles as it scales to meet the demands of the US market. Atlantic Sea Farms (ASF) has led the way in establishing kelp in the US and has been successful in bringing innovative consumer goods products made from kelp to the market despite these challenges. I embarked on this project to identify potential barriers to kelp adoption and scaling, and to create strategies to overcome those barriers. The studies that make up this project explored: considerations and recommendations for a new product launch and go-to-market strategy, a line-extension marketing strategy, and also analyzed policy and other geographic factors relevant to future kelp cultivation expansion potential in Maine and Massachusetts. When developing the go-to-market strategy I explored market size and growth for the respective product categories, potential retail/restaurant/CPG partnerships, and a tiered rollout strategy. In the line-extension study, I explored targeting, differentiation, and engagement strategies to successfully introduce the new product variations to the market. Finally, the policy section investigated how state government, local ecological conditions, and existing aquaculture infrastructure and policy could potentially limit kelp expansion in Massachusetts.
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    Commercializing Kelp: Marketing and Growth Strategies for the Crop of the Future
    (2022-04-22) Cappelli, Aaron
    Domestic kelp as a cultivated crop and as a consumer good in the US faces a variety of hurdles as it scales to meet the demands of the US market. Atlantic Sea Farms (ASF) has led the way in establishing kelp in the US and has been successful in bringing innovative consumer goods products made from kelp to the market despite these challenges. I embarked on this project to identify potential barriers to kelp adoption and scaling, and to create strategies to overcome those barriers. The studies that make up this project explored: considerations and recommendations for a new product launch and go-to-market strategy, a line-extension marketing strategy, and also analyzed policy and other geographic factors relevant to future kelp cultivation expansion potential in Maine and Massachusetts. When developing the go-to-market strategy I explored market size and growth for the respective product categories, potential retail/restaurant/CPG partnerships, and a tiered rollout strategy. In the line-extension study, I explored targeting, differentiation, and engagement strategies to successfully introduce the new product variations to the market. Finally, the policy section investigated how state government, local ecological conditions, and existing aquaculture infrastructure and policy could potentially limit kelp expansion in Massachusetts.
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    Developing a Strategic Framework for Sustainability Investments in Real Estate
    (2019-04-26) Du, Honglin; Gambhir, Piyush; Li, Yuanwei; Xu, Mengting
    The Master’s project “Developing a Strategic Framework for Sustainability Investments in Real Estate” is a continuation of its predecessor project titled “Financially Viable Sustainability Solutions for multi-family sector” (Long & Walker, 2018). The client, Drucker and Falk (D&F) is a real estate management company that focuses on third-party fee-based management of multifamily residential properties. D&F initiated the project to explore possible energy retrofit measures and continued it into the second year to explore additional savings measures and move closer towards finding a business value in sustainability. To evaluate the prospect and realize the vision, the present team audited two D&F properties for energy, landscaping and sustainability best practices and retrofits and created respective guides to serve as templates. Additionally, the project team collaborated with a software team at the Pratt School of Engineering to create a web-based delivery platform for these decision tools and guides. The intention behind the delivery package was to make the project outputs easy to use and customizable, while providing the necessary decision-making tools for maintenance managers, property managers and corporate. The final goal of the project is to equip and assist D&F in executing sustainability measures on its properties and market the same for increased business revenue and clientele.
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    ENV+ MP Report
    (2024-04-22) Li, Ruiqing; Chen, Yongjun
    In response to the emerging centrality of environmental education within corporate strategy frameworks, the Duke Environment+ MP Program aims to develop business models that integrate sustainability practices into organizational culture. Along the way, the project not only can help fulfill market needs, but identify collaboration opportunities, increase alumni engagement, attract a more diverse pool of individuals, increase program global recognition to Better Serve the NSOE Community. A comprehensive methodological approach was employed, beginning with an in-depth SWOT and competitive analysis to identify market needs and positioning. The SWOT analysis highlighted strengths such as the program's unique positioning within an independent environmental school and opportunities including market expansion through innovative course offerings. The competitive analysis revealed gaps in current market offerings, particularly in specialized training for sustainability practices and ESG integration. The program explored seven business model options, including three internally generated models and four externally generated models. Internally generated models is composed of programs like Alumni Direct, Alumni Advance, and Training the Trainer. The four externally generated models include 1. Summer Camp program which targets high school students in China with sustainability-focused curricula 2. Empowering China ESG program which provides ESG training for Chinese corporate leaders 3. Green Job Seeking program offering certification for Chinese students in sustainability sectors and 4. Sustainability in US Tour which is a study tour for Chinese industry leaders focusing on green practices. After our careful evaluation, Summer Camp, Sustainability in US Tour, and Training the Trainer business models were recommended. These recommendations are predicated on their potential for high impact, alignment with strategic goals, and anticipated profitability. The program's adoption of these models is expected to not only fulfill educational gaps but also to significantly advance corporate sustainability initiatives worldwide, ensuring long-term environmental, social, and governance success.
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    Environmental Entrepreneurship: A Practical Lab-to-Market Approach
    (2015-04-24) Matouka, Neil
    Environmental entrepreneurship as a field is moving from the background of entrepreneurship to the foreground, as larger and larger environmental problems are seen as opportunities for entrepreneurial activity. However, environmental technologies emerging from laboratories have longer research periods, may take longer to produce products, and may not fit into the traditional startup pathways that venture capital (VC) firms look for out of universities. Building upon existing literature, a framework for analysis and a path towards the marketplace were created using Dr. Jesko von Windheim’s Lab-to-Market Framework (von Windheim & Myers, 2014) and Four Forces Analysis paper (von Windheim & Doyle, 2013). Six environmental entrepreneurial opportunities were selected from Duke and affiliates: macroalgae biomass harvesting, lighthouse rentals, a billfish lure invisible to sea turtles, mammalian cell lifespan extension, increased drought resistance in flowering plants, and Zylon – a method for producing renewable nylon. These opportunities were analyzed with a modified opportunity analysis in line with the framework developed, and three were selected for further investigation. The three opportunities selected (Zylon, the billfish lure invisible to sea turtles, and increased drought resistance in flowering plants) were further analyzed beyond the initial opportunity analysis. Zylon was chosen as the best candidate for development as a start-up, and a four forces analysis performed to select the best method for moving forward. A business case is presented for Zylon, based on work done in the Entrepreneurial Experience course and materials created for the Duke Start-Up Challenge. Recommendations for next steps for Zylon are provided based on these experiences and advice from judges, industry consultants, and advisors: demonstrate the improved economics of Zylon; seek out niche markets where green nylon will be prized; and move Zylon out of the university. For more information please contact: neil.matouka@alumni.duke.edu
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    Environmental, Social, and Governance Strategy and Reporting at a Medium-Sized Alternative Asset Management Firm
    (2024-04-24) Bluestein, David
    A medium-sized power generation and real estate management firm, Harbert Management Corporation (HMC), is increasing its environmental, social, and governance (ESG) responsibility reporting. Exploring HMC’s history and the general landscape of ESG reveals relevant information related to their reasoning for improving their ESG reporting. Examining relevant research has revealed three relevant observations: • Alternative asset management firms that use certain reporting structures show better ESG performance. • Different asset classes have different average integration of ESG in their practices. • Larger asset management firms tend to have higher levels of ESG integration. Nonetheless, this information is purely correlational, and the causes for these results may be due to different reasons. Comparing HMC’s approach to ESG reporting and inquiring about how they decided to pursue the reporting approach that they chose, the determining factors align with the common motivators for other firms integrating ESG into their practices. Ultimately, factors including the methods which they chose to report, feedback from GRESB and UNPRI, and the interests of various stakeholders show reasons to believe that HMC’s ESG integration may continue improve over time.
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    Feasibility of Novel Leak Detection Technology in the Water Industry
    (2014-04-25) Howard, Drew; Sharma, Sidharth
    Demand for water is expected to increase along with global population, putting pressure on industries that provide and consume the resource to do so more efficiently. One solution is to limit the water loss from leaking infrastructure. Water loss due to leaks exceeds 50 percent worldwide, and 15 percent in the U.S. As the price of water increases, the value of this leaking water will as well, financially incentivizing the employment of water loss solutions. This analysis explores the leak detection market opportunities for PFT Technology LLC and BaseTrace within the water industry. PFT Technology LLC and BaseTrace currently produce leak detection technology targeting the electric utility and hydro- fracturing industries respectively. The primary goal of this project was to identify water-related markets for these two companies to enter. This feasibility analysis is broken down into four sections: 1) Industry Evaluation 2) Expert Interviews 3) Regulatory Analysis and 4) Financial Modeling. After review of a number of markets within the water industry, the Water Supply and Distribution market proved to be an economically viable market for PFT to enter, while BaseTrace’s technology would be more competitive in the Petroleum Brownfield Market. We projected future water prices and geographic variations in US markets. PFT’s ability to trace leaks underground could generate large value in the Northeast, where leaked water currently incurs the highest costs. However, we believe their technology could potentially spread throughout the U.S as the value of water increases in different geographic regions according to our price projection data.
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    Financial Analysis of Sustainability Initiatives in the Cashmere Supply Chain
    (2017-04-25) Burwell, Walter
    Many corporations have begun to make sustainability investments, and those investments typically have relied on reducing costs, for example, though reduced energy, water, and material usage. However, an expanded focus on where sustainability can increase revenue and reduce risk will likely drive future corporate investment. The number one risk that supply chain purchasers have identified is raw material price fluctuation. Working with a large European luxury goods manufacturer, the coefficient of variation (standard deviation/mean) is used to analyze price volatility in the cashmere supply chain, both for the Client and the market as a whole. Since implementing direct purchasing, among other sustainability initiatives, the Client has reduced their raw material price volatility. However, the analysis includes no causal assessment. Future work should incorporate more data to look at the causal relationship between sustainability initiatives and reduced price volatility.
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    Financially Viable Sustainability Solutions in Multifamily Residential Properties
    (2018-04-27) Long, Adam; Walker, Colin
    Drucker and Falk is a family-owned real estate company that focuses on third-party fee management of multifamily properties. Through isolated LED retrofit projects, Drucker and Falk realized the environmental and financial benefits of sustainability projects and is now seeking to implement financially viable sustainability solutions for its whole portfolio of more than 350 properties. In order to provide solutions that work for all Drucker and Falk properties, this study created a best practices guide and interactive Excel-based models that Drucker and Falk can use to identify and analyze potential sustainability strategies. This project then conducted case studies, applying the provided tools to three Drucker and Falk properties in order to demonstrate the process and benefits of increased sustainability practices. The case studies revealed potential environmental benefits and cost savings in utility bill management, lighting retrofits, pool pump alterations, and future building design. The tools provided by this project, along with the case study findings, will be used as a foundation for additional analysis and implementation of sustainability projects across the entire Drucker and Falk portfolio.
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    From Farm to Fabric: Tracing Brand and Retailer Needs for Sustainable Materials Through the Supply Chain
    (2020-04-22) Marchyshyn, Alexandra; Parker, Megan
    Cotton is a foundational fabric that is the cornerstone of both apparel and home goods. Cotton has been renowned for years for its positive properties and natural provenance. However, as brands and retailers continue to implement and scale a multitude of new sustainability practices, cotton has emerged as an opportunity for brands to reduce their environmental impact. It is not just brands that are interested in the reduction of material impacts – it is the consumers they serve. As consumers of apparel and other goods become increasingly aware of the environmental impacts of their purchases, brands work to cater to those preferences and attitudes. It appears that as consumer interest in sustainability in clothing increases, brands want increased traceability to understand their supply chains. Since cotton is such a large input to clothing and other home goods, we focused our work there. To investigate, we collaborated with Cotton Incorporated for over a year to understand what brands and retailers are looking for when it comes to sustainability and traceability in the supply chain of cotton products. Ultimately this project is meant to inform the launch and continued development of the U.S Cotton Trust Protocol (Trust Protocol) – a new assessment system and data tool to provide cotton producers with a system to “assess and verify their current production practices and measure their progress toward long-term sustainability goals.” The Trust Protocol is an industry-led initiative designed to enable brands to meet their sustainability goals by being able to count US cotton towards them. Our objective was to discover what brands and retailers want for cotton sustainability and how the Trust Protocol could potentially address some of their current needs. Through interviews and surveys of major brands and retailers, we were able to determine critical insights that can shape the Trust Protocol in the future and identify pain points of brands that should be addressed. 
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    Investing in Clean Hydrogen
    (2024-04-26) Miteva, Petya
    This paper lays out a framework and process for investors to build their investment theses in clean hydrogen innovation. This framework was developed based on conversations with industry experts and a literature review that informed an analysis of a range of investment opportunities in innovations within the hydrogen value chain. The framework functions in five steps: • Answer four key questions corresponding to various investment criteria categories; • Refine specific investment criteria based on these answers; • Rank investment criteria from highest to lowest priority; • Identify optimal investment niches by using this paper’s internally developed opportunities heatmap; • Build a clean hydrogen innovation investment thesis that targets the top-scoring niches. With plentiful opportunities for innovative solutions for the production, storage, transportation, transformation, and utilization of clean hydrogen, investors are showing an appetite for tapping into this space. These innovations hold the promise of revolutionizing a variety of activities within the hydrogen value chain to enable its use in traditionally Greenhouse Gas emissions (GHG) intensive sectors. Yet, identifying the right opportunities within an emerging space could be challenging. Clean hydrogen is an important lever in the decarbonization of the global economy, expected to account for roughly 10-12% of global annual energy use by 2050. To meet the levels envisioned by most global decarbonization scenarios, low-carbon hydrogen production and use in applications where it replaces a higher emitting fuel or energy source needs to grow 100 times from today’s levels by 2030. An estimated total investment of $1 trillion would be required to reach this target; yet there remains a $430 billion gap between current commitments and what’s needed. Stronger investment frameworks like the one put forth in this paper could help narrow this gap by enabling investors to deploy capital where it matters to usher in the ubiquitous use of clean hydrogen across the economy.
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    Kenya Market Analysis-An Evaluation for Emerging Food Technology Companies
    (2017-04-18) Ares, Natalya
    The reduction of waste along the food production chain will help increase sustainability of the agricultural sector and help improve the quality of the environment overall. The use of active packaging technology (AP) has been found to reduce waste and help more products successfully reach the market by increasing shelf life of fresh produce. Businesses are now turning to developing countries for expansion opportunities where AP technology would have a significant impact. The following analyses should help determine whether Kenya is one such country. Although Kenya has a variety of laws in place that should protect foreign investors and intellectual property rights, it is unclear whether governmental organizations have the capacity to truly enforce these regulations. Furthermore, concerns exist over the physical state of infrastructure and political stability that could negatively impact the success of a new business. However, Kenya is a country whose population, particularly women in rural communities, is deeply reliant on the success of agriculture. Additionally, the Kenyan economy has grown tremendously in recent years and shows few signs of stopping, having already attracted a wide variety of investors. Therefore, Kenya presents a strong case for investment. Although issues persist at the federal and infrastructural level, investment in this case could not only mean profit, but could also have positive social and environmental benefits that would help not only Kenyans, but the global community as well.
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    Lingerie Company Market Opportunity Assessment
    (2022-04-20) Hawkins, Cameron
    Most bras end up in the trash contributing to the ever-growing amount of textile waste in our landfills. Everyone has a different body shape and size, and individual breasts are usually different sizes. As a result, many individuals are wearing the wrong bra size. This project details an opportunity assessment within the lingerie industry to create a new custom, low-carbon footprint, and comfort-focused bra, using 3D knit technology. Market research and consumer trends indicate a large market that is continuing to grow. While there are lots of players in this space, this unique technology and highly customizable product is completely different than any other potential competitor’s product. The largest barrier to overcome will be operationalizing this idea and raising money to develop a protype and test the 3D knit technology. Based on the market analysis and pro forma financial projections, it is recommended to proceed to the next stage of testing to operationalize the business.
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    Poison to Protein: The Case for Edible Cottonseed
    (2019-04-26) Carmody, Allison; Jiang, Jia; Marx, Rebecca; Thoits, Shannon
    The United States cotton production market generated 7 billion dollars in 2017, with cottonseed making up about 1 billion dollars of that amount. Although cottonseed accounts for nearly 14% of revenues earned by farmers, its value is limited by its toxicity. It has only a few end markets, namely the markets for cattle feed and cottonseed oil. Removing the toxin from the seed would increase the consumptive potential of cottonseed beyond ruminant animals or ultra-processed oils. The project client, Cotton Incorporated, is an industry group that represents the interests of United States cotton farmers and importers. Cotton Incorporated has been researching Ultra low Gossypol Cottonseed (ULGCS), a seed variety with exceptionally low levels of the toxin gossypol, since the early 1990s. Cotton Incorporated now holds the exclusive rights to license the technology to produce ULGCS. If adopted globally, ULGCS varieties would produce 9.125 trillion grams of protein annually, enough to meet the daily protein needs of half a billion people. The ULGCS trait can also be added to high-yielding, pesticide-resistant seed varieties. ULGCS was deregulated in October 2019 by the USDA and deregulation from the FDA is pending. ULGCS has the potential to transform aquaculture, pet food, and alternative snack and dairy markets and to deliver value to actors all along the cottonseed supply chain, including farmers and ginners, oil mills, seed companies, and food & feed companies. With ULGCS, farmers will be able to access a wide variety of higher-value markets, while seed companies could generate more revenue by charging a “technology fee” for seeds that include the ULGCS trait. Farther down the value chain, food and feed companies will benefit from this additional source of high-protein meal to serve as an input for various products. Beyond this, ULGCS may also be beneficial from a humanitarian and an environmental standpoint. In the humanitarian realm, ULGCS may serve as a protein source for malnourished populations worldwide. On the environmental front, ULGCS may be a sustainable feed for growing aquaculture operations, and an alternative to soy products, which contribute to deforestation. This study relies on market research, industry expert interviews, and a life cycle assessment to understand the business outlook and potential environmental and social impacts of ULGCS. Findings suggest that the most promising end markets for ULGCS are aquaculture, pet food, and some human food products. In addition, while there is exciting market potential for ULGCS in international markets, strict GMO regulations in major cotton-producing countries such as India and China are currently prohibitive to expansion beyond the United States. Recommendations include strategies for a business launch, funding access, and future areas of study. They include suggestions for additional economic modeling to understand how ULGCS will affect current cottonseed markets, as well as nutrition studies to explore the effects of ULGCS on human and animal performance. Lastly, targeted marketing and communications efforts supported by a dedicated ULGCS staffer will help build product demand across the value chain, from farmer to consumer. While barriers exist, we believe ULGCS offers a robust market opportunity for both cotton farmers and the aquaculture, pet food, and human food markets.
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    Potential for Cryptocurrency to Fund Investment in Sustainable Real Assets
    (2018-04-27) Levin, Brooke
    In an era filled with concerns about the preservation of scarce resources, climate change and the environment, investing in and protecting assets related to sustainability and the environment has become an area of greater focus and increased importance to the general population and the investment community. With the rapidly growing popularity of blockchain, new vehicles for raising capital for investments and projects have developed. These include cryptocurrency and Initial Coin or Initial Token Offerings. These types of offerings enable firms to issue virtual currency, tokens, or coins, also known as cryptocurrency, instead of conventional debt or equity, to raise funds for a given project. This paper looks at the potential for cryptocurrency to help fund additional investment in sustainable real assets.
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    Scaling Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR): Beyond Carbon Markets
    (2024) Katzenmeyer, Kacey
    Due to limited emissions abatement to date, there is a scientific consensus that carbon dioxide removal (CDR) will be required on the gigaton scale annually by mid-century to limit global warming to 1.5°C. One challenge for achieving CDR at scale is that it operates primarily as a waste management industry in markets which most often lack mandates for managing CO2 waste. As such, expected demand and deployment of CDR is currently on track to fall vastly short of required levels. Given demand for CDR as a waste management product is insufficient, this research sought to characterize the potential for CDR-based products that offer value beyond waste management. It identifies CDR methods that generate a useful product or service in addition to removing CO2 and evaluates their performance to determine the potential, if any, for a significant impact on scaling CDR.