Browsing by Subject "Battery"
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Item Open Access Assessing the Outcomes of a Long-term, Zero-emission Strategy for GoTriangle’s Transit Fleet(2019-04-19) Floum, Jackson; Fu, Yingyu; Yoshizumi, Alexander; Zhang, LiyueThe goal of this project was to assess how GoTriangle might most effectively implement battery electric vehicle (BEV) buses by analyzing possible environmental and social factors and providing recommendations for BEV bus implementation to maximize operating efficiency and social good. The core questions that drove the analyses were (1) whether GoTriangle is a good candidate for BEV bus implementation and (2) how GoTriangle might best implement BEV buses. Four analytical components were chosen to address the goals of the project based on participatory feedback from project clients: (1) analysis of potential grid impacts of charging the electric fleet, (2) comparisons between BEV bus well-to-wheel emissions and conventional diesel bus well-to-wheel emissions, (3) suitability analysis of route legs – the most granular transportation planning units used by GoTriangle, and (4) spatial analysis of emissions to address environmental health and environmental justice concerns. This report found that GoTriangle is likely a good candidate for BEV bus implementation. Increased demand to the grid would likely be negligible from a transmission point-of-view. In maximum fuel-economy scenarios with an energy mix based upon Duke Energy’s integrated resource plan, it appeared that BEV buses would contribute less emissions in every category when compared to diesel buses. Though, it should be said that comparatively larger contributions of some air pollutants were observed in minimum fuel-economy scenarios. Many bus route legs – the smallest planning units used in route optimization – appeared to be good candidates for implementation based on physical characteristics known to be associated with energy consumption. Route legs located near and around Raleigh were found to be some of the most optimal options based on their physical properties and comparatively greater potential to mitigate human exposure to criteria pollutants.Item Open Access BUSINESS MODELS FOR EXTRACTING MORE USEFUL LIFE FROM LITHIUM ION BATTERY SYSTEMS(2017-04-25) Bartlett, Dennis; Herman, Ted; Klinkman, AndrewDemand for new lithium-ion battery (LIB) systems is forecast to double between 2015 and 2020. However, current battery disposal practices mean that by 2020, tens of GWhs of still-useful lithium ion storage capacity could be directed towards landfills. While automotive companies are actively engaged in “second life” concepts for their electric vehicle batteries, it is not apparent that non-automotive batteries have similar applications. Non-automotive batteries have many different chemistries and form factors, and suffer from weak economics in the recycling process. This project explores the entrepreneurial viability of finding a “second-life” for non-automotive LIB systems. Specifically, we explore (1) capturing this low cost “waste” stream from primary users of batteries, (2) diagnosing and refurbishing used LIB systems, and (3) selling these systems to secondary users. Environmental benefits are quantified via (1) mineral conservation and (2) avoided emissions attributable to further unlocked levels of renewable energy supported by increased storage levels on the power grid.Item Open Access Carbon Free Data Centers Through Solar Photovoltaic Generation, Battery Energy Storage, and Medium Voltage DC Power Distribution(2024-04-26) Biehl, Kevin; Drewyer, HenryUtilities, grid operators, corporates, and other stakeholders are tasked with meeting carbon emission reduction mandates at a time of rising electricity demand. Data centers are a significant driver of load growth, as they are expected to triple as a share of U.S. electricity consumption to 7.5% by 2030. Advances in direct current (DC) circuit breakers and converters enable a medium voltage direct current (MVDC) data center architecture that can take advantage of efficiency gains from DC solar-photovoltaic generation and battery storage. This study quantifies the primary benefits of co-locating these technologies, incorporating efficiency gains along with capital cost savings of MVDC power distribution relative to conventional low voltage alternating current (LVAC) systems. By quantifying these system benefits, this study highlights a cost-efficient path to meet growing data center load, particularly for data centers attempting to demonstrate 24x7 clean energy use.Item Open Access FERC Order 841: Analysis of Actions by Wholesale Market Operators to Incorporate Energy Storage(2020-04-24) Chandra, Arunika; Cui, Quentin; Gupta, Udit; Ranjan, AmitEnergy storage resources (ESRs) provide a host of services to the electric power grid through applications such as energy arbitrage and the storage of variable wind and solar energy. As ESR applications continue to develop, federal and state regulations oversee the growing participation of ESRs in the grid. FERC released Order 841 in 2018 with the goal of ensuring equal access to the wholesale electric power markets for ESRs. Order 841 applies to six RTO/ISOs: MISO, SPP, NYISO, ISO-NE, CAISO, and PJM. Because this order was recently released, there is an absence of in-depth research on the rule changes submitted by these ISO/RTOs. These rule changes will be implemented by 2021, and hence it is important and timely to understand their impact on ESRs. This report analyzes important market rule changes and their potential impact on ESR participation. Reviewing the tariff filings, we broke down each ISO/RTO into sub-markets (ancillary services, capacity, and energy) and assessed parameters in each sub-market based on their Order 841 compliance and impact on ESRs. Then, we generated market maturity models that demonstrate each ISO/RTO’s ESR status relative to each other on a scale of “Basic”, “Intermediate”, and “Advanced”. Finally, we applied the results of our analysis to case studies to predict the impact of Order 841 on existing ESR projects. We discovered that, generally, ESR projects can more easily participate in the sub-markets of CAISO and PJM, while SPP and ISO-NE present some barriers to participation. However, these barriers are not wholly prohibitive as the less developed wholesale markets present greater potential for ESR growth. From a high-level perspective, Order 841 grants easier access to the wholesale sub-markets for ESRs, unlocks opportunities for value stacking, and lowers risk for new market entrants by providing clearer market rules. For stakeholders such as utilities and storage developers, our study provides a valuable first step to assessing the relative suitability of ISO/RTOs for ESR development and participation. These stakeholders should pair our market maturity models and case studies with more distinct quantitative modeling and rigorous examination of sub-federal ESR policies and incentives to fully assess the wholesale power markets for energy storage development.