Browsing by Subject "Cambodia"
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Item Open Access Clean Cookstoves and Health in Samlout, Cambodia(2016) Li, BolunThis paper discusses results from a study of the use of cleaner cooking solutions and general health status of people in rural areas from the Battambang province of Cambodia. Data collection included 372 demographic, health and socio-economic surveys with households living in 6 villages in the Samlout district, general health examinations, and measurements of stove use and household concentrations of PM 2.5. The data reveal that health in this population is a major concern, with a very high prevalence of reported abdominal pain, nausea, chronic cough, chest pains, and fever during examinations. At the household level, we find that clean stove ownership is significantly correlated with the educational status of household head and socio-economic status of a household. Respondents from households with clean stoves appear less likely (though not statistically significantly so) to report household individuals having health problems such as occasional cough, high blood pressure and tuberculosis. Concentrations of PM2.5 are positively correlated with prevalence of occasional cough, high blood pressure and tuberculosis. Based on these results, we advise field testing and evaluation of targeted health interventions in these villages to address the numerous concerns of the local population, including exploring the potential role of clean stoves.
Item Open Access Power Sharing in Postconflict Societies(Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2012-12) Cammet, M; Malesky, EJWhich components of power sharing contribute to the duration of peace and what explains the linkages between institutional design and stability? The authors argue that certain types of political power sharing are associated with more durable peace than others, primarily through their positive effects on governance and public service delivery. In particular, closed-list proportional representation (PR) electoral systems stand out among power-sharing arrangements, due to their ability to deliver superior governance outcomes which, in turn, can promote stability by undercutting the initial motivations for conflict or by reducing the feasibility of rebellion. The authors argue that these positive outcomes result from closed-list PR's ability to increase party discipline and checks on executive power, while reducing incentives for personalistic voting. The introduction of political institutions in postconflict negotiated settlements allows us to test the independent effects of institutions on governance and stability using survival analysis and a case study. © The Author(s) 2012.Item Open Access Predictable Corruption and Firm Investment: Evidence from a Natural Experiment and Survey of Cambodian Entrepreneurs(Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 2008-10-26) Malesky, EJ; Samphantharak, KThis paper utilizes a unique dataset of 500 firms in ten Cambodian provinces and a natural experiment to test a long-held convention in political economy that the predictability of a corruption is at least as important for firm investment decisions as the amount of bribes a firm must pay, provided the bribes are not prohibitively expensive. Our results suggest that this hypothesis is correct. Firms exposed to a shock to their bribe schedules by a change in governor invest significantly less in subsequent periods, as they wait for new information about their new chief executive. Furthermore, the amount of corruption (both measured by survey data and proxied by the number of commercial sex workers) is significantly lower in provinces with new governors. Our findings are robust to a battery of firm-level controls and province-level investment climate measures. © 2008 E. J. Malesky and K. Samphantharak.Item Open Access Screening tools for predicting mortality of adults with suspected sepsis: an international sepsis cohort validation study.(BMJ open, 2023-02) Blair, Paul W; Mehta, Rittal; Oppong, Chris Kwaku; Tin, Som; Ko, Emily; Tsalik, Ephraim L; Chenoweth, Josh; Rozo, Michelle; Adams, Nehkonti; Beckett, Charmagne; Woods, Christopher W; Striegel, Deborah A; Salvador, Mark G; Brandsma, Joost; McKean, Lauren; Mahle, Rachael E; Hulsey, William R; Krishnan, Subramaniam; Prouty, Michael; Letizia, Andrew; Fox, Anne; Faix, Dennis; Lawler, James V; Duplessis, Chris; Gregory, Michael G; Vantha, Te; Owusu-Ofori, Alex Kwame; Ansong, Daniel; Oduro, George; Schully, Kevin L; Clark, Danielle VObjectives
We evaluated the performance of commonly used sepsis screening tools across prospective sepsis cohorts in the USA, Cambodia and Ghana.Design
Prospective cohort studies.Setting and participants
From 2014 to 2021, participants with two or more SIRS (Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome) criteria and suspected infection were enrolled in emergency departments and medical wards at hospitals in Cambodia and Ghana and hospitalised participants with suspected infection were enrolled in the USA. Cox proportional hazards regression was performed, and Harrell's C-statistic calculated to determine 28-day mortality prediction performance of the quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) score ≥2, SIRS score ≥3, National Early Warning Score (NEWS) ≥5, Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS) ≥5 or Universal Vital Assessment (UVA) score ≥2. Screening tools were compared with baseline risk (age and sex) with the Wald test.Results
The cohorts included 567 participants (42.9% women) including 187 participants from Kumasi, Ghana, 200 participants from Takeo, Cambodia and 180 participants from Durham, North Carolina in the USA. The pooled mortality was 16.4% at 28 days. The mortality prediction accuracy increased from baseline risk with the MEWS (C-statistic: 0.63, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.68; p=0.002), NEWS (C-statistic: 0.68; 95% CI 0.64 to 0.73; p<0.001), qSOFA (C-statistic: 0.70, 95% CI 0.64 to 0.75; p<0.001), UVA score (C-statistic: 0.73, 95% CI 0.69 to 0.78; p<0.001), but not with SIRS (0.60; 95% CI 0.54 to 0.65; p=0.13). Within individual cohorts, only the UVA score in Ghana performed better than baseline risk (C-statistic: 0.77; 95% CI 0.71 to 0.83; p<0.001).Conclusions
Among the cohorts, MEWS, NEWS, qSOFA and UVA scores performed better than baseline risk, largely driven by accuracy improvements in Ghana, while SIRS scores did not improve prognostication accuracy. Prognostication scores should be validated within the target population prior to clinical use.Item Open Access Strategic Evaluation of TB CARE SMS System in Cambodia(2013) Drew, AllysonBackground
This retrospective study examined the impact of a USAID-funded and FHI 360-implemented pilot project entitled "TB CARE SMS System" in Cambodia. The primary objective of this study was to compare the "sputum submission to treatment delay" (SSTD) before and after the TB Care SMS System was initiated in December 2011 in the health clinics in Cambodia that correspond to the Kampong Cham Referral Hospital (RH) and Chamkar Leu Referral Hospital. The secondary objective was to capture the impact and limitations of the pilot TB CARE SMS System from the perspective of the healthcare workers and Community Directly Observed Therapy (CDOT) Program workers who use it on a daily basis.
Methods
A time-series regression analysis was used to measure the effect of the pilot project on SSTD. Measuring the secondary objective was conducted with in-person interviews with health center and CDOT workers who have used the SMS system, at 5 health centers (HCs) that use either the Chamkar Leu RH or Kampong Cham RH lab.
Results
With a total of 85 patients used in primary analysis, it appears that the pilot TB Care SMS System did not have the expected impact on the period that the sputum was sent to the lab for testing until the time the patient started treatment (SSTD).. However, measuring the date from when the sputum labs were sent to when the lab results were received by the HCs, we did not find a statistically significant reduction in delay either, though the trend was in the expected direction, with an apparent reduction of 1.70 days. In the secondary objective, all of both HC staff and CDOT workers believed the new SMS system was better than the original paper-based system.
Conclusions
The results show that the TB CARE SMS System demonstrated no statistically significant impact on SSTD, in the limited 6 month timeframe. However, it is an overall success from the perception of the users.
Item Open Access Systems modelling as an approach for understanding and building consensus on non-communicable diseases (NCD) management in Cambodia.(BMC health services research, 2019-01-03) Ansah, John P; Islam, Amina Mahmood; Koh, Victoria; Ly, Vanthy; Kol, Hero; Matchar, David B; Loun, Chhun; Loun, MondolBackground
This paper aims to demonstrate how systems modeling methodology of Group Model Building (GMD) can be applied for exploring and reaching consensus on non-communicable disease (NCD) management. This exercise was undertaken as a first step for developing a quantitative simulation model for generating credible estimates to make an investment case for the prevention and management of NCDs.Methods
Stakeholder engagement was facilitated through the use of a Group Model Building (GMB) approach. This approach combines various techniques in order to gain a whole system perspective.Results
A conceptual qualitative model framework that connects prevention-via risk factors reduction-screening and treatment of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) was developed with stakeholders that draws on stakeholders personal experiences, beliefs, and perceptions through a moderated interactions to gain in-depth understanding of NCDs management.Conclusion
Managing NCDs in Cambodia will require concerted effort to tackle NCD risk factors, identifying individuals with NCDs through screening and providing adequate and affordable consistent care to improve health and outcomes of NCDs.