Browsing by Subject "Distributed generation"

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    A Financial and Policy Analysis of Small Photovoltaic Ownership for Investor-Owned Utility Customers in North Carolina
    (2013-04-24) Kataoka, George
    As a source of clean distributed generation, small solar photovoltaic (PV) systems for residential investor-owned utility (IOU) customers can yield significant benefits to their owners along with a cleaner energy mix, strengthened economy, and improved environment for all citizens of North Carolina. However, the major barriers to small PV investments on a larger scale remain the high upfront costs and poor return on investment. Yet, North Carolina has significant drivers, including declining costs and strong policy, that may make such investments more attractive in the future. This Master’s Project is split into two parts. Part I investigates the current policies and incentives that impact small PV investment decisions for IOU customers in North Carolina. Part II builds off the research gained from Part I in order to quantify the financial attractiveness of such investments for an average Duke and Progress Energy customer. Part II additionally performs scenario and sensitivity analyses to assess if and when certain factors can significantly alter investment decisions. The results of this project indicate that despite effective policies and incentives in North Carolina, small PV ownership is still a financially unattractive investment—the reference cases yield a net present value (NPV) of less than -$6,000 and -$8,000 for the Progress and Duke customer, respectively. Yet, the impact that such policies and incentives—namely the state and federal investment tax credits—have on these respective NPVs should not be overlooked as they effectively increase the NPVs more than twofold. At the same time, there are many opportunities to further improve the financial attractiveness of such investments, including improvements in net metering policies, the state’s Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency Portfolio Standard requirements, and demand for Solar Renewable Energy Credits. In such manner, this report does not offer specific policy or financial recommendations. Rather, it is an in-depth analysis of existing policies and economic factors intended to provide both qualitative and quantitative insight for the benefit of small PV investors, the PV industry, and decision makers in North Carolina.
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    ItemOpen Access
    Three Essays on the Economics of Renewable Electricity Generation Technologies
    (2018) Alqahtani, Bandar

    This PhD dissertation presents three studies that individually aim to increase understanding of various aspects of solar and wind energy and the challenge of integrating them in the electricity power system. The first study explores the opportunity to improve the technical and economic performance of concentrated solar thermal power plants (CSPs) through joint installation and operation with fossil-fuel combined cycle power plants (CCPPs). The second study presents an analysis of the feasibility and technical, environmental, and economic effects of integrating large levels of distributed solar Photovoltaic (PV) into a rather inflexible (nuclear-heavy generating base) power system. The last study evaluates the potential of off-grid distributed generation (DG) technologies including solar PV and wind systems to provide a cost-effective solution to supply electricity to isolated loads in Saudi Arabia.

    Several tools and models have been developed to accomplish these studies including a thermodynamic model developed in MATLAB environment to simulate ISCC plant operations, a PV production model that estimates hourly PV power output, a unit commitment and real-time economic dispatch (UC−ED) model that simulates hourly system operations and a mixed integer linear programing that determines the optimal off-grid energy mix and capacity.

    Although two of three main studies presented do not focus specifically on Saudi Arabia, they provide valuable insights for a transition of its electricity sector towards less dependence on fossil fuels and increased use of renewables.

    Saudi Arabia, the world’s largest oil producer, relies on fossil fuels as the primary energy source to meet its electricity needs. Its existing electricity generation fleet consists of a large number of old and inefficient gas combustion and steam turbines, several gas and oil-fired combined cycle power plants, and many diesel combustion engines located in non-interconnected areas. The recently launched governmental plan Saudi Arabia Vision 2030 intends to enhance the resiliency of the Saudi economy by diversifying the electricity generation portfolio through the inclusion of renewable and nuclear energy.

    Pertinent to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), the first study shows that Integrated Solar Combined Cycle Power Plants (ISCCs) offer an opportunity to reduce fossil-fuel consumption while reducing the levelized cost of solar thermal energy (LCOE) by 35-40%. The third study shows that the in three non-interconnected regions of KSA, off-grid distributed generation including more than 300 MW of solar PV and wind energy is a cost-effective alternative assuming plausible scenarios for fuel prices and electricity demand. In addition, the results reveal that the local excellent solar resources and the high efficiency of the wind turbine technologies that could be installed make the LCOE of solar PV and wind lower than the LCOE of highly efficient oil-fired combined cycle power plants (CCPP) under moderate and high oil price scenarios.

    Finally, the second study illustrates a potential barrier to the integration of a high share of distributed intermittent energy sources into a power network that operates large base-load thermal generation units and rather inflexible nuclear power plants.