Browsing by Subject "European Union"

Now showing 1 - 8 of 8
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    Between Migration and Belonging: Citizenship Policy in Spain and Ireland in the 21st Century
    (2010-12-10) Covington, Kimberly
    After an economic boom in the 1990’s, Ireland has experienced a more concentrated and sudden in-migration than any European country in the past decade. Spain, too, attracted a sudden inflow of immigrants with its economic success beginning in the 1990s and amplified through the early 2000s. As both of these countries have struggled to redefine and revise their immigration policies to accommodate these changes, one very important piece of the immigration puzzle has also come under scrutiny: citizenship. Citizenship policy is a window into how a country defines itself and its willingness to accept foreigners into that defined space. Ireland and Spain are two countries that, for most of their history, never had a significant foreign presence that might challenge their definitions of inclusion in this way. This very recent immigration timeline in each, therefore, makes them two very unique environments in which to study citizenship policy. Given this confluence of circumstances, the following analysis will attempt to illuminate how the citizenship policies of Spain and Ireland affect who becomes a citizen in each country. By linking the language of these policies to observable data of naturalization, it will be possible to see more clearly both the implications of these policies as well as possible outside factors that affect who becomes a citizen and how these shape the identity of these two countries.
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    "Birds of Passage" and "Sojourners": A Historical and Ethnographic Analysis of Chinese Migration to Prato, Italy
    (2010-04-21) Chang, Angela
    Today’s Europe is at a crossroads. Europe is currently facing a phenomenal reversal of its historical migration trajectory, becoming a primary destination for immigrants rather than just a sending source. This international migratory trend comes at a critical point in Europe’s history when the European Union (EU) is seeking to form a united European identity in part through the formulation of new migration policies. How have immigrants entering the EU affected intra-European integration and the concept of a singular European identity? To explore this question, I will examine the province of Prato in Italy, which currently hosts one of the densest Chinese populations in Europe. I hypothesize that the tensions between the Chinese and Italians in Prato are in part affected by the respective communities’ historical experience with migration; only by looking at their history can we begin to understand the present-day situation within Prato. The intersection of these two communities in Prato results from the overlap occurring between the new European migratory trends and the ongoing global movements of the Chinese diasporas. Prato’s residents must not only contend with the crossroad of historical experience, but they must also cope with sociopolitical and economic pressures laid upon them regionally, nationally, and supra-nationally. To supplant my secondary sources, I conducted field research in Prato from May to June of 2009. Utilizing Chinese, English, and Italian, I was able to interview a number of people and learn from their personal histories and opinions. Every person with whom I spoke had a different story to tell, influenced by his/her personal history. It is impossible to study migration without considering the big-picture trends. However, without revealing the people and their stories behind migration, the greater themes in history are rendered meaningless.
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    Carbon Price Pass-Through in the Chinese Emissions Trading Scheme: Lessons from Korea and the European Union
    (2021-12) Murphy, Julia
    On July 16, 2021, the Chinese Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) opened trading. Covering more than 4 billion tons of carbon dioxide, the ETS accounts for 40% of China’s national carbon emissions and is the largest carbon market in the world by volume. However, as it stands, the cost of carbon is not being reflected in electricity prices for consumers due to government regulation of the Chinese power market. This study examines the relationship between the Chinese ETS design and power market design to make a recommendation to facilitate the pass-through of carbon costs to consumers. Specifically, the study confronts the feasibility of two potential reform pathways for price pass-through, (1) power market deregulation, and (2) evolution in design of the Chinese emissions trading scheme. Comparative case study analysis of price-signaling methods in the Republic of Korea and the European Union informs the ultimate recommendation. The findings indicate that Chinese ETS design should optimize long-term coordination and mutual efficiency between the Chinese ETS and power market by implementing the regulation of indirect emissions with an upstream coefficient in the short-term to respond to the long-term gradual deregulation of the Chinese power market.
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    Citizenship Configuration and Public Opinion towards Out-groups in the European Union
    (2011-05-04) Nayar, Menaka
    This paper examines the sources of public opinion towards out-groups (including ethnic minorities and immigrants) in the European Union, using Eurobarometer data from the November-December 2006 survey on Social Reality, E-Communications, Common Agricultural Policy, Discrimination and the Media, and Medical Research. In particular, it investigates one national-level explanatory variable of interest– the state’s policy-based citizenship configuration (either segregationist, assimilationist, multiculturalist or universalist) based on a framework expounded by Koopmans, et al in Contested Citizenship: Immigration and Cultural Diversity in Europe. The study uses a hierarchical ordered logit model, analyzing over 25,000 individual responses from 25 different countries, in order to ascertain the effect that living under a particular citizenship configuration has on an individual’s attitude towards out-groups. Results, though mixed, indicate nominal support for the hypothesis that respondents in segregationist and multiculturalist countries exhibit higher tendencies towards positive opinions of out-groups than respondents in assimilationist countries. This finding has important implications for policymakers attempting to redress negative public opinion towards out-groups in their country.
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    Differences in the Media’s Framing of Fracking/Shale Gas in New York, Pennsylvania, Germany, and the United Kingdom
    (2014-04-25) Beresford, Henry
    Over the past decade, commercial mining firms in the United States have increasingly used horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing (fracking) to extract natural gas from shale rock formations (shale gas). The production of shale gas in the United States is booming: according to data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), the percentage of U.S. domestic natural gas withdrawals from shale gas increased from 8.1% to 34.9% between 2007 and 2012, and U.S. wellhead natural gas prices dropped 57%. In contrast, Europe has not yet begun to produce shale gas on a commercial scale, even though EU natural gas prices are multiple times’ more expensive than U.S. natural gas prices. Others have proposed various historic, economic, political, and geologic reasons for this disparity, but comparatively little attention has been paid to the hypothesis that differences in news coverage may have contributed to disparity, or even towards describing differences in news coverage. The question remains: have European news media outlets framed shale gas any differently than American news media outlets? This paper presents the results of an original, preliminary inquiry into whether there exist differences in media framing of the shale gas/fracking in the U.S. versus the EU. A content analysis was performed on a representative sample of 712 fracking-related or shale gas-related texts from eight newspapers in New York, Pennsylvania, Germany, and the United Kingdom. All texts were published between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2013. Ultimately, this study found significant differences in framing between the newspapers when analyzed individually (p<0.01) and when grouped by state (p<0.1). However, no significant differences in media frames were found between the shale-gas friendly jurisdictions (Pennsylvania & the United Kingdom) compared to shale-gas hostile jurisdictions (New York & Germany). Despite greater shale gas production in the U.S., the four U.S. papers on the whole were found to have presented a more negative frame towards shale gas than the four European newspapers (p<0.1). These results provide evidence that media coverage of shale gas varies strongly by state and local jurisdictions, suggest that U.S. and EU media representations of shale gas are more similar than a casual observer might guess, and indicate that grand generalizations about media representations of shale gas in the U.S. and the EU are to be avoided.
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    Regulating Migrant Integration: Examination of Multiculturalism and Assimilation
    (2019-03) Nguyen, Van
    In recent years, increased migration and humanitarian refugee flows have heightened fears that migrants could fail to integrate into their host countries – therefore becoming burdens on generous welfare states or turn towards extremist ideals. This research thus sought to measure the implications that certain immigrant integration policies could pose on opportunities for immigrants living in developed countries like France, Germany, Australia, and Canada. To assess assimilationist and multiculturalist policies, the attainment of migrant opportunities was measured with the OECD and European Union’s data source, Indicators of Immigrant Integration (2015). While several indicators across the integration issue areas (economic, social, and political) demonstrate that countries with multiculturalist policies had smaller gaps of difference between native and nonnative populations, many are less significant after considering migrant education- and skill- level distribution. However, other conclusions in regard to future steps towards improved integration policies were found as well. The contributions from this study compounds on existing migration research and should move governing bodies closer to systematic policies that enable them to reap collective benefits of migration. In addition, civil society and intergovernmental organizations should use these insights in the development of realistic and effectual models of integration for future implementation.
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    Responses to EU Carbon Pricing: The Effect of Carbon Emissions Allowances on Renewable Energy Development in Advanced and Transitional EU Members
    (2019-04-24) Dearing, Jack
    Using electricity price, generation, installed capacity, and carbon price data from the European Union from January 2015 to December 2018, this study finds that the carbon pricing in the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) incentivizes electricity sector carbon emission reductions through renewable energy deployment only for economically advanced EU members. Transitional economies show a weak to modest carbon emission increase despite a common carbon price. This study estimates an electricity supply curve, or merit order, for 24 EU ETS members using a Tobit regression model and analyzes changes in this curve using a linear bspline. These shifts provide insight into how carbon pricing affected energy generation, price, and CO2 emissions for two distinct categories of EU member states. The advanced category as a whole saw a strong electricity sector decrease in carbon emissions, both over time and from carbon pricing, while the transitional category as a whole saw a weak increase. This indicates that advanced EU members in Northern, Western, and Central Europe likely sold permits to transitional ones in Southern and Eastern Europe. While these findings may initially reflect the gains from trade of carbon emissions permits inherent in the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme’s design, the implications of how these two distinct groups have changed electricity generation present challenges to the ultimate long-term goal of EU-wide carbon neutrality by 2050, particularly in transitional economies’ electricity sectors.
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    Risk assessment and economic impact analysis of the implementation of new European legislation on radiopharmaceuticals in Italy: the case of the new monograph chapter Compounding of Radiopharmaceuticals (PHARMEUROPA, Vol. 23, No. 4, October 2011).
    (Curr Radiopharm, 2013-12) Chitto, Giuseppe; Di Domenico, Elvira; Gandolfo, Patrizia; Ria, Francesco; Tafuri, Chiara; Papa, Sergio
    An assessment of the new monograph chapter Compounding of Radiopharmaceuticals has been conducted on the basis of the first period of implementation of Italian legislation on Good Radiopharmaceuticals Practice (NBP) in the preparation of radiopharmaceuticals, in keeping with Decree by the Italian Ministry of Health dated March 30, 2005. This approach is well grounded in the several points of similarity between the two sets of regulations. The impact on patient risk, on staff risk, and on healthcare organization risk, has been assessed. At the same time, the actual costs of coming into compliance with regulations have been estimated. A change risk analysis has been performed through the identification of healthcare-associated risks, the analysis and measurement of the likelihood of occurrence and of the potential impact in terms of patient harm and staff harm, and the determination of the healthcare organization's controlling capability. In order to evaluate the economic impact, the expenses directly related to the implementation of the activities as per ministerial decree have been estimated after calculating the overall costs unrelated to NBP implementation. The resulting costs have then been averaged over the total number of patient services delivered. NBP implementation shows an extremely positive impact on risk management for both patients receiving Nuclear Medicine services and the healthcare organization. With regard to healthcare workers, instead, the implementation of these regulations has a negative effect on the risk for greater exposure and a positive effect on the defense against litigation. The economic impact analysis of NBP implementation shows a 34% increase in the costs for a single patient service. The implementation of the ministerial decree allows for greater detectability of and control over a number of critical elements, paving the way for risk management and minimization. We, therefore, believe that the proposed tool can provide basic criteria for analysis that could be used by other organizations setting about completing the same process.