Browsing by Subject "International Relations"

Now showing 1 - 5 of 5
  • Thumbnail Image
    ItemOpen Access
    Climate science strategy of the US National Marine Fisheries Service
    (Marine Policy, 2016-12) Sykora-Bodie, Seth; Busch, D Shallin; Griffis, Roger; Link, Jason; Abrams, Karen; Baker, Jason; Brainard, Russell E; Ford, Michael; Hare, Jonathan A; Himes-Cornell, Amber; Hollowed, Anne; Mantua, Nathan J; McClatchie, Sam; McClure, Michelle; Nelson, Mark W; Osgood, Kenric; Peterson, Jay O; Rust, Michael; Saba, Vincent; Sigler, Michael F; Toole, Christopher; Thunberg, Eric; Waples, Robin S; Merrick, Richard
  • Thumbnail Image
    ItemOpen Access
    Comparing Stakeholder Perceptions With Empirical Outcomes From Negotiated Rulemaking Policies: Is Participant Satisfaction a Proxy for Policy Success?
    (Marine Policy, 2016) Roady, S; McDonald, S; Lewison, R; Kramer, R; Rigling-Gallagher, D; Read, A
    Evaluation of natural resource management policies often is made difficult by lack of robust or long-term data on the resource. In the absence of empirical data, natural resource policy evaluation may rely on expert or stakeholder perception of success as a proxy, particularly in the context of policies that depend on multi-stakeholder engagement or negotiated rulemaking. However, few formal evaluations have compared empirical ecological outcomes with stakeholder perception. This study compares stakeholder perceptions of policy outcomes with ecological outcomes from a long-term, ecological dataset as part of the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act's Take Reduction Planning process. Structural Equation Models revealed that stakeholder perceptions were significantly and positively related to positive ecological outcomes. Also, perceived success and ecological performance rankings of the Take Reduction Plans were comparable for three of the five plans examined. This analysis suggests that for this particular policy instrument, stakeholder perception aligns well with ecological outcomes, and this positive relationship is likely the result of a commitment and support for stakeholder education and engagement. However, even within a single policy analysis, there was variability suggesting that the relationship between stakeholder perceptions and policy outcomes must continue to be evaluated. This study suggests that stakeholder perception can be an accurate reflection of ecological outcomes, but not necessarily a predictor of them.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ItemOpen Access
    Describing the diversity of community supported fishery programs in North America
    (Marine Policy, 2016-04-01) Bolton, AE; Dubik, BA; Stoll, JS; Basurto, X
    © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. This research investigates organizational diversity within Community Supported Fisheries (CSFs) in North America. Generally understood as the direct marketing of seafood through pre-arranged deliveries, CSFs have increased in number and geographic distribution since their origin in 2007. Despite, or because of, this rapid growth, fundamental questions remain unanswered about what organizational structures and business practices currently constitute the term 'CSF'. This research draws on interview data from 22 CSFs to highlight the diversity within the CSF movement and inform ongoing debates about appropriate paths for their continued growth. Interview data is used to describe key areas of convergence and divergence among the goals, business practices, and structures of CSFs. Three general types of CSF are identified based on this analysis: harvester focused, consumer focused and species focused. Each type is described through a short illustrative case study. Overall results indicate that the term 'CSF' does not currently refer to a specific structure or type of organization, but rather an approach to seafood marketing used by a variety of organizations with broadly similar production philosophies centered on engaging and informing consumers around traceable, domestically sourced seafood. Acknowledgment of CSFs as diverse and socially embedded organizations is necessary to understanding their potential benefits.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ItemOpen Access
    Nonstate Actors and Compliance with International Agreements: An Empirical Analysis of the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
    (International Organization, 2018) Jensen, NM; Malesky, EJ
    © 2017 The IO Foundation. International relations scholarship has made great progress on the study of compliance with international agreements. While persuasive, most of this work has focused on states' de jure compliance decisions, largely excluding the de facto behavior of nonstate actors whose actions the agreement hopes to constrain. Of particular interest has been whether the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention (ABC) might reduce the propensity of multinational corporations (MNCs) to bribe officials in host countries through its mechanisms of extraterritoriality and extensive peer review. Unfortunately, research is hampered by reporting bias. Since the convention raises the probability of investors' punishment for bribery in their home countries, it reduces both the incentives for bribery and willingness to admit to the activity. This generates uncertainty over which of these incentives drives any correlation between signing the convention and reductions in reported bribery. We address this problem by employing a specialized survey experiment that shields respondents and reduces reporting bias. We find that after the onset of Phase 3 in 2010, when the risk of noncompliance increased for firms subject to the OECD-ABC, those MNCs reduced their actual bribery relative to their nonsignatory competitors.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ItemOpen Access
    Scientific rationale and international obligations for protection of active hydrothermal vent ecosystems from deep-sea mining
    (MARINE POLICY, 2018-04-01) Van Dover, Cindy; Arnaud-Haond, S; Gianni, M; Helmreich, S; Huber, JA; Jaeckel, AL; Metaxas, A; Pendleton, LH; Petersen, S; Ramirez-Llodra, E; Steinberg, PE; Tunnicliffe, V; Yamamoto, H