Browsing by Subject "LANGUAGE"

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Open Access
BigSMILES: A Structurally-Based Line Notation for Describing Macromolecules.
(ACS central science, 2019-09-12) Lin, Tzyy-Shyang; Coley, Connor W; Mochigase, Hidenobu; Beech, Haley K; Wang, Wencong; Wang, Zi; Woods, Eliot; Craig, Stephen L; Johnson, Jeremiah A; Kalow, Julia A; Jensen, Klavs F; Olsen, Bradley D
Having a compact yet robust structurally based identifier or representation system is a key enabling factor for efficient sharing and dissemination of research results within the chemistry community, and such systems lay down the essential foundations for future informatics and data-driven research. While substantial advances have been made for small molecules, the polymer community has struggled in coming up with an efficient representation system. This is because, unlike other disciplines in chemistry, the basic premise that each distinct chemical species corresponds to a well-defined chemical structure does not hold for polymers. Polymers are intrinsically stochastic molecules that are often ensembles with a distribution of chemical structures. This difficulty limits the applicability of all deterministic representations developed for small molecules. In this work, a new representation system that is capable of handling the stochastic nature of polymers is proposed. The new system is based on the popular "simplified molecular-input line-entry system" (SMILES), and it aims to provide representations that can be used as indexing identifiers for entries in polymer databases. As a pilot test, the entries of the standard data set of the glass transition temperature of linear polymers (Bicerano, 2002) were converted into the new BigSMILES language. Furthermore, it is hoped that the proposed system will provide a more effective language for communication within the polymer community and increase cohesion between the researchers within the community.
Open Access
Point, walk, talk: Links between three early milestones, from observation and parental report.
(Developmental psychology, 2019-08) Moore, Charlotte; Dailey, Shannon; Garrison, Hallie; Amatuni, Andrei; Bergelson, Elika
Around their first birthdays, infants begin to point, walk, and talk. These abilities are appreciable both by researchers with strictly standardized criteria and caregivers with more relaxed notions of what each of these skills entails. Here, we compare the onsets of these skills and links among them across two data collection methods: observation and parental report. We examine pointing, walking, and talking in a sample of 44 infants studied longitudinally from 6 to 18 months. In this sample, links between pointing and vocabulary were tighter than those between walking and vocabulary, supporting a unified sociocommunicative growth account. Indeed, across several cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, pointers had larger vocabularies than their nonpointing peers. In contrast to previous work, this did not hold for walkers' versus crawlers' vocabularies in our sample. Comparing across data sources, we find that reported and observed estimates of the growing vocabulary and of age of walk onset were closely correlated, while agreement between parents and researchers on pointing onset and talking onset was weaker. Taken together, these results support a developmental account in which gesture and language are intertwined aspects of early communication and symbolic thinking, whereas the shift from crawling to walking appears indistinct from age in its relation with language. We conclude that pointing, walking, and talking are on similar timelines yet distinct from one another, and discuss methodological and theoretical implications in the context of early development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).