Browsing by Subject "Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics"

Now showing 1 - 6 of 6

Open Access
Mapping Conservation Strategies under a Changing Climate.
(Bioscience, 2017-06) Belote, R Travis; Dietz, Matthew S; McKinley, Peter S; Carlson, Anne A; Carroll, Carlos; Jenkins, Clinton N; Urban, Dean L; Fullman, Timothy J; Leppi, Jason C; Aplet, Gregory H
Open Access
Population genetic theory of kin selection: Multiple alleles at one locus.
(Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1981-08) Uyenoyama, MK; Feldman, MW; Mueller, LD
Exact population genetic models of one-locus sib-to-sib kin selection with an arbitrary number of alleles are studied. First, a natural additive scaling is established for the genotypic value associated with probabilities of performance of altruism. Two classes of polymorphic equilibria are possible, one corresponding to the usual one-locus viability equilibria and the other reflecting the kin-selection assumptions of the model. At both, the covariance between additive genotypic value and genotypic fitness vanish. Further, the sign of this covariance determines the fate of rare alleles introduced near the first class of equilibria. In addition, the covariance explains the differences between Hamilton's rule, which results from Hardy-Weinberg assumptions, and exact initial increase conditions.
Open Access
Self-Plagiarism, Text Recycling, and Science Education
(BioScience, 2015-12-30) Moskovitz, C
Academicians generally consider it unethical to reuse text from published work without explicit attribution. However, in practice, the conventions and ethics associated with reusing text vary considerably across academic domains and genres. Although it may be anathema in the humanities, certain types of reuse are both common and acceptable in contemporary scientific discourse. The boundaries of acceptable practice are complex, however, so there is a strong temptation to ignore the topic in educational settings. Because the fallout from innocent errors can be damaging, scientists must assume responsibility for determining what constitutes acceptable reuse in their domain and for instructing future scientists in these practices.
Open Access
Society Is Ready for a New Kind of Science-Is Academia?
(Bioscience, 2017-07) Keeler, Bonnie L; Chaplin-Kramer, Rebecca; Guerry, Anne D; Addison, Prue FE; Bettigole, Charles; Burke, Ingrid C; Gentry, Brad; Chambliss, Lauren; Young, Carrie; Travis, Alexander J; Darimont, Chris T; Gordon, Doria R; Hellmann, Jessica; Kareiva, Peter; Monfort, Steve; Olander, Lydia; Profeta, Tim; Possingham, Hugh P; Slotterback, Carissa; Sterling, Eleanor; Ticktin, Tamara; Vira, Bhaskar
Open Access
The Role of a Professional Society in Broadening Participation in Science: A National Model for Increasing Persistence
(BIOSCIENCE, 2018-09-01) Mourad, TM; McNulty, AF; Liwosz, D; Tice, K; Abbott, F; Williams, GC; Reynolds, JA
Open Access
Water turnover among human populations: Effects of environment and lifestyle.
(American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council, 2020-01) Swanson, Zane S; Pontzer, Herman
OBJECTIVES:To discuss the environmental and lifestyle determinants of water balance in humans and identify the gaps in current research regarding water use across populations. METHODS:We investigated intraspecific variation in water turnover by comparing data derived from a large number of human populations measured using either dietary survey or isotope tracking. We also used published data from a broad sample of mammalian species to identify the interspecific relationship between body mass and water turnover. RESULTS:Water facilitates nearly all physiological tasks and water turnover is strongly related to body size among mammals (r2=0.90). Within humans, however, the effect of body size is small. Instead, water intake and turnover vary with lifestyle and environmental conditions. Notably, despite living physically active lives in conditions that should increase water demands, the available measures of water intake and turnover among small-scale farming and pastoralist communities are broadly similar to those in less active, industrialized populations. CONCLUSIONS:More work is required to better understand the environmental, behavioral, and cultural determinants of water turnover in humans living across a variety of ecosystems and lifestyles. The results of such work are made more vital by the climate crisis, which threatens the water security of millions around the globe.