Browsing by Subject "Orthopedic Procedures"
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Item Open Access A cost-effectiveness comparisons of adult spinal deformity surgery in the United States and Japan.(European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society, 2018-03) Yagi, Mitsuru; Ames, Christopher P; Keefe, Malla; Hosogane, Naobumi; Smith, Justin S; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Schwab, Frank; Lafage, Virginie; Shay Bess, R; Matsumoto, Morio; Watanabe, Kota; International Spine Study Group (ISSG)Purpose
Information about the cost-effectiveness of surgical procedures for adult spinal deformity (ASD) is critical for providing appropriate treatments for these patients. The purposes of this study were to compare the direct cost and cost-effectiveness of surgery for ASD in the United States (US) and Japan (JP).Methods
Retrospective analysis of 76 US and 76 JP patients receiving surgery for ASD with ≥2-year follow-up was identified. Data analysis included preoperative and postoperative demographic, radiographic, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and direct cost for surgery. An incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was determined using cost/quality-adjusted life years (QALY). The cost/QALY was calculated from the 2-year cost and HRQOL data.Results
JP exhibited worse baseline spinopelvic alignment than the US (pelvic incidence and lumbar lordosis: 35.4° vs 22.7°, p < 0.01). The US had more three-column osteotomies (50 vs 16%), and shorter hospital stay (7.9 vs 22.7 days) (p < 0.05). The US demonstrated worse postoperative ODI (41.3 vs. 33.9%) and greater revision surgery rate (40 vs 10%) (p < 0.05). Due to the high initial cost and revision frequency, the US had greater total cost ($92,133 vs. $49,647) and cost/QALY ($511,840 vs. $225,668) at 2-year follow-up (p < 0.05).Conclusion
Retrospective analysis comparing the direct costs and cost-effectiveness of ASD surgery in the US vs JP demonstrated that the total direct costs and cost/QALY were substantially higher in the US than JP. Variations in patient cohort, healthcare costs, revision frequencies, and HRQOL improvement influenced the cost/QALY differential between these countries.Item Open Access A survey-based study of wrong-level lumbar spine surgery: the scope of the problem and current practices in place to help avoid these errors.(World neurosurgery, 2013-03) Groff, Michael W; Heller, Joshua E; Potts, Eric A; Mummaneni, Praveen V; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Smith, Justin SObjective
To understand better the scope of wrong-level lumbar spine surgery and current practices in place to help avoid such errors.Methods
The Joint Section on Disorders of the Spine and Peripheral Nerves (Spine Section) developed a survey on single-level lumbar spine decompression surgery. Invitations to complete the Web-based survey were sent to all Spine Section members. Respondents were assured of confidentiality.Results
There were 569 responses from 1045 requests (54%). Most surgeons either routinely (74%) or sometimes (11%) obtain preoperative imaging for incision planning. Most surgeons indicated that they obtained imaging after the incision was performed for localization either routinely before bone removal (73%) or most frequently before bone removal but occasionally after (16%). Almost 50% of reporting surgeons have performed wrong-level lumbar spine surgery at least once, and >10% have performed wrong-side lumbar spine surgery at least once. Nearly 20% of responding surgeons have been the subject of at least one malpractice case relating to these errors. Only 40% of respondents believed that the site marking/"time out" protocol of The Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations has led to a reduction in these errors.Conclusions
There is substantial heterogeneity in approaches used to localize operative levels in the lumbar spine. Existing safety protocols may not be mitigating wrong-level surgery to the extent previously thought.Item Open Access An international consensus on the appropriate evaluation and treatment for adults with spinal deformity.(European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society, 2018-03) Berven, Sigurd H; Kamper, Steven J; Germscheid, Niccole M; Dahl, Benny; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Lenke, Lawrence G; Lewis, Stephen J; Cheung, Kenneth M; Alanay, Ahmet; Ito, Manabu; Polly, David W; Qiu, Yong; de Kleuver, Marinus; AOSpine Knowledge Forum DeformityPurpose
Evaluation and surgical management for adult spinal deformity (ASD) patients varies between health care providers. The purpose of this study is to identify appropriateness of specific approaches and management strategies for the treatment of ASD.Methods
From January to July 2015, the AOSpine Knowledge Deformity Forum performed a modified Delphi survey where 53 experienced deformity surgeons from 24 countries, rated the appropriateness of management strategies for multiple ASD clinical scenarios. Four rounds were performed: three surveys and a face-to-face meeting. Consensus was achieved with ≥70% agreement.Results
Appropriate surgical goals are improvement of function, pain, and neural symptoms. Appropriate preoperative patient evaluation includes recording information on history and comorbidities, and radiographic workup, including long standing films and MRI for all patients. Preoperative pulmonary and cardiac testing and DEXA scan is appropriate for at-risk patients. Intraoperatively, appropriate surgical strategies include long fusions with deformity correction for patients with large deformity and sagittal imbalance, and pelvic fixation for multilevel fusions with large curves, sagittal imbalance, and osteoporosis. Decompression alone is inappropriate in patients with large curves, sagittal imbalance, and progressive deformity. It is inappropriate to fuse to L5 in patients with symptomatic disk degeneration at L5-S1.Conclusions
These results provide guidance for informed decision-making in the evaluation and management of ASD. Appropriate care for ASD, a very diverse spectrum of disease, must be responsive to patient preference and values, and considerations of the care provider, and the healthcare system. A monolithic approach to care should be avoided.Item Open Access Biomechanics, evaluation, and management of subaxial cervical spine injuries: A comprehensive review of the literature.(Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia, 2021-01) Wang, Timothy Y; Mehta, Vikram A; Dalton, Tara; Sankey, Eric W; Rory Goodwin, C; Karikari, Isaac O; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Than, Khoi D; Abd-El-Barr, Muhammad MStudy design
Literature review.Objectives
It has been reported that 2.4-3.7% of all blunt trauma victims suffer some element of cervical spine fracture, with the majority of these patients suffering from C3-7 (subaxial) involvement. With the improvement of first-response to trauma in the community, there are an increasing number of patients who survive their initial trauma and thus arrive at the hospital in need of further evaluation, stabilization, and management of these injuries.Methods
A comprehensive literature review compiled all relevant data on the biomechanics, imaging, evaluation, and medical and surgical management strategies for subaxial cervical spine fractures.Results
After review of the current literature on subaxial cervical spine biomechanics, imaging characteristics, evaluation strategies and surgical and orthopedic management techniques, the authors created a comprehensive review and protocol for management of subaxial cervical spine fractures.Conclusions
The subaxial cervical spine is biomechanically and anatomically unique from the remainder of the spinal axis. Evaluation of subaxial cervical spine injuries is nuanced, and improper management of these injuries can lead to significant patient morbidity and even death. This provides a comprehensive review combining anatomy, imaging characteristics, evaluation strategies, and surgical and orthopedic management principles for subaxial cervical spine fractures.Item Open Access Characteristics of deformity surgery in patients with severe and rigid cervical kyphosis (CK): results of the CSRS-Europe multi-centre study project.(European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society, 2019-02) Koller, H; Ames, C; Mehdian, H; Bartels, R; Ferch, R; Deriven, V; Toyone, H; Shaffrey, C; Smith, J; Hitzl, W; Schröder, J; Robinson, YohanIntroduction and purpose
Little information exists on surgical characteristics, complications and outcomes with corrective surgery for rigid cervical kyphosis (CK). To collate the experience of international experts, the CSRS-Europe initiated an international multi-centre retrospective study.Methods
Included were patients at all ages with rigid CK. Surgical and patient specific characteristics, complications and outcomes were studied. Radiographic assessment included global and regional sagittal parameters. Cervical sagittal balance was stratified according to the CSRS-Europe classification of sagittal cervical balance (types A-D).Results
Eighty-eight patients with average age of 58 years were included. CK etiology was ankylosing spondlitis (n = 34), iatrogenic (n = 25), degenerative (n = 9), syndromatic (n = 6), neuromuscular (n = 4), traumatic (n = 5), and RA (n = 5). Blood loss averaged 957 ml and the osteotomy grade 4.CK-correction and blood loss increased with osteotomy grade (r = 0.4/0.6, p < .01). Patients with different preop sagittal balance types had different approaches, preop deformity parameters and postop alignment changes (e.g. C7-slope, C2-7 SVA, translation). Correction of the regional kyphosis angle (RKA) was average 34° (p < .01). CK-correction was increased in patients with osteoporosis and osteoporotic vertebrae (POV, p = .006). 22% of patients experienced a major long-term complication and 14% needed revision surgery. Patients with complications had larger preop RKA (p = .01), RKA-change (p = .005), and postop increase in distal junctional kyphosis angle (p = .02). The POV-Group more often experienced postop complications (p < .0001) and revision surgery (p = .02). Patients with revision surgery had a larger RKA-change (p = .003) and postop translation (p = .04). 21% of patients had a postop segmental motor deficit and the risk was elevated in the POV-Group (p = .001).Conclusions
Preop patient specific, radiographic and surgical variables had a significant bearing on alignment changes, outcomes and complication occurrence in the treatment of rigid CK.Item Open Access Classifications for adult spinal deformity and use of the Scoliosis Research Society-Schwab Adult Spinal Deformity Classification.(Neurosurgery clinics of North America, 2013-04) Bess, Shay; Schwab, Frank; Lafage, Virginie; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Ames, Christopher PAdult spinal deformity (ASD) is a complex disease state that pathologically alters standing upright posture and is associated with substantial pain and disability. This article provides an overview of classification systems for spinal deformity, clarifies the need to differentiate between pediatric and adult classifications, and provides an explanation on the use of the Scoliosis Research Society-Schwab Adult Spinal Deformity Classification (SRS-Schwab ASD Classification). This information allows surgeons, researchers, and health care providers to (1) identify sources of pain and disability in patients with ASD and (2) accurately use the SRSeSchwab ASD Classification to evaluate patients with ASD.Item Open Access Clinical and radiographic evaluation of the adult spinal deformity patient.(Neurosurgery clinics of North America, 2013-04) Smith, Justin S; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Fu, Kai-Ming G; Scheer, Justin K; Bess, Shay; Lafage, Virginie; Schwab, Frank; Ames, Christopher PAmong the prevalent forms of adult spinal deformity are residual adolescent idiopathic and degenerative scoliosis, kyphotic deformity, and spondylolisthesis. Clinical evaluation should include a thorough history, discussion of concerns, and a review of comorbidities. Physical examination should include assessment of the deformity and a neurologic examination. Imaging studies should include full-length standing posteroanterior and lateral spine radiographs, and measurement of pelvic parameters. Advanced imaging studies are frequently indicated to assess for neurologic compromise and for surgical planning. This article focuses on clinical and radiographic evaluation of spinal deformity in the adult population, particularly scoliosis and kyphotic deformities.Item Open Access Clinical and radiographic parameters associated with best versus worst clinical outcomes in minimally invasive spinal deformity surgery.(Journal of neurosurgery. Spine, 2016-07) Than, Khoi D; Park, Paul; Fu, Kai-Ming; Nguyen, Stacie; Wang, Michael Y; Chou, Dean; Nunley, Pierce D; Anand, Neel; Fessler, Richard G; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Bess, Shay; Akbarnia, Behrooz A; Deviren, Vedat; Uribe, Juan S; La Marca, Frank; Kanter, Adam S; Okonkwo, David O; Mundis, Gregory M; Mummaneni, Praveen V; International Spine Study GroupOBJECTIVE Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) techniques are increasingly used to treat adult spinal deformity. However, standard minimally invasive spinal deformity techniques have a more limited ability to restore sagittal balance and match the pelvic incidence-lumbar lordosis (PI-LL) than traditional open surgery. This study sought to compare "best" versus "worst" outcomes of MIS to identify variables that may predispose patients to postoperative success. METHODS A retrospective review of minimally invasive spinal deformity surgery cases was performed to identify parameters in the 20% of patients who had the greatest improvement in Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores versus those in the 20% of patients who had the least improvement in ODI scores at 2 years' follow-up. RESULTS One hundred four patients met the inclusion criteria, and the top 20% of patients in terms of ODI improvement at 2 years (best group, 22 patients) were compared with the bottom 20% (worst group, 21 patients). There were no statistically significant differences in age, body mass index, pre- and postoperative Cobb angles, pelvic tilt, pelvic incidence, levels fused, operating room time, and blood loss between the best and worst groups. However, the mean preoperative ODI score was significantly higher (worse disability) at baseline in the group that had the greatest improvement in ODI score (58.2 vs 39.7, p < 0.001). There was no difference in preoperative PI-LL mismatch (12.8° best vs 19.5° worst, p = 0.298). The best group had significantly less postoperative sagittal vertical axis (SVA; 3.4 vs 6.9 cm, p = 0.043) and postoperative PI-LL mismatch (10.4° vs 19.4°, p = 0.027) than the worst group. The best group also had better postoperative visual analog scale back and leg pain scores (p = 0.001 and p = 0.046, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The authors recommend that spinal deformity surgeons using MIS techniques focus on correcting a patient's PI-LL mismatch to within 10° and restoring SVA to < 5 cm. Restoration of these parameters seems to impact which patients will attain the greatest degree of improvement in ODI outcomes, while the spines of patients who do the worst are not appropriately corrected and may be fused into a fixed sagittal plane deformity.Item Open Access Coronal realignment and reduction techniques and complication avoidance.(Neurosurgery clinics of North America, 2013-04) Fu, Kai-Ming G; Smith, Justin S; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Ames, Christopher P; Bess, ShayScoliosis is a broad term encompassing multiple pathologies with different etiologies. Patients may range from the infant with congenital deformity, to the adolescent with idiopathic scoliosis, to the elderly patient with severe degenerative scoliosis. Treatment must be tailored to individual circumstances and the pathoanatomy of each deformity. Various coronal reduction techniques have been described and will be discussed within this article. While scoliosis is generally considered a deformity in the coronal plane, often deformity is present in the sagittal and axial planes also. Treatment of these deformities can require osteotomies or vertebral column resections, techniques further discussed in accompanying articles.Item Open Access Correlation of higher preoperative American Society of Anesthesiology grade and increased morbidity and mortality rates in patients undergoing spine surgery.(Journal of neurosurgery. Spine, 2011-04) Fu, Kai-Ming G; Smith, Justin S; Polly, David W; Ames, Christopher P; Berven, Sigurd H; Perra, Joseph H; McCarthy, Richard E; Knapp, D Raymond; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Scoliosis Research Society Morbidity and Mortality CommitteeObject
Patients with varied medical comorbidities often present with spinal pathology for which operative intervention is potentially indicated, but few studies have examined risk stratification in determining morbidity and mortality rates associated with the operative treatment of spinal disorders. This study provides an analysis of morbidity and mortality data associated with 22,857 cases reported in the multicenter, multisurgeon Scoliosis Research Society Morbidity and Mortality database stratified by American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification, a commonly used system to describe preoperative physical status and to predict operative morbidity.Methods
The Scoliosis Research Society Morbidity and Mortality database was queried for the year 2007, the year in which ASA data were collected. Inclusion criterion was a reported ASA grade. Cases were categorized by operation type and disease process. Details on the surgical approach and type of instrumentation were recorded. Major perioperative complications and deaths were evaluated. Two large subgroups--patients with adult degenerative lumbar disease and patients with major deformity--were also analyzed separately. Statistical analyses were performed with the chi-square test.Results
The population studied comprised 22,857 patients. Spinal disease included degenerative disease (9409 cases), scoliosis (6782 cases), spondylolisthesis (2144 cases), trauma (1314 cases), kyphosis (831 cases), and other (2377 cases). The overall complication rate was 8.4%. Complication rates for ASA Grades 1 through 5 were 5.4%, 9.0%, 14.4%, 20.3%, and 50.0%, respectively (p = 0.001). In patients undergoing surgery for degenerative lumbar diseases and major adult deformity, similarly increasing rates of morbidity were found in higher-grade patients. The mortality rate was also higher in higher-grade patients. The incidence of major complications, including wound infections, hematomas, respiratory problems, and thromboembolic events, was also greater in patients with higher ASA grades.Conclusions
Patients with higher ASA grades undergoing spinal surgery had significantly higher rates of morbidity than those with lower ASA grades. Given the common application of the ASA system to surgical patients, this grade may prove helpful for surgical decision making and preoperative counseling with regard to risks of morbidity and mortality.Item Open Access Defining a Surgical Invasiveness Threshold for Increased Risk of a Major Complication Following Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery.(Spine, 2021-07) Neuman, Brian J; Harris, Andrew B; Klineberg, Eric O; Hostin, Richard A; Protopsaltis, Themistocles S; Passias, Peter G; Gum, Jeffrey L; Hart, Robert A; Kelly, Michael P; Daniels, Alan H; Ames, Christopher P; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Kebaish, Khaled M; and the International Spine Study GroupStudy design
Retrospective review.Objectives
The aim of this study was to define a surgical invasiveness threshold that predicts major complications after adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery; use this threshold to categorize patients into quartiles by invasiveness; and determine the odds of major complications by quartile.Summary of background data
Understanding the relationship between surgical invasiveness and major complications is important for estimating the likelihood of major complications after ASD surgery.Methods
Using a multicenter database, we identified 574 ASD patients (more than 5 levels fused; mean age, 60 ± 15 years) with minimum 2-year follow-up. Invasiveness was calculated as the ASD Surgical and Radiographic (ASD-SR) score. Youden index was used to identify the invasiveness score cut-off associated with optimal sensitivity and specificity for predicting major complications. Resulting high- and low-invasiveness groups were divided in half to create quartiles. Odds of developing a major complication were analyzed for each quartile using logistic regression (alpha = 0.05).Results
The ASD-SR cutoff score that maximally predicted major complications was 90 points. ASD-SR quartiles were 0 to 65 (Q1), 66 to 89 (Q2), 90 to 119 (Q3), and ≥120 (Q4). Risk of a major complication was 17% in Q1, 21% in Q2, 35% in Q3, and 33% in Q4 (P < 0.001). Comparisons of adjacent quartiles showed an increase in the odds of a major complication from Q2 to Q3 (odds ratio [OR] 1.8; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0-3.0), but not from Q1 to Q2 or from Q3 to Q4. Patients with ASD-SR scores ≥90 were 1.9 times as likely to have a major complication than patients with scores <90 (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.3-2.9). Mean ASD-SR scores above and below 90 points were 121 ± 25 and 63 ± 17, respectively.Conclusion
The odds of major complications after ASD surgery are significantly greater when the procedure has an ASD-SR score ≥90. ASD-SR score can be used to counsel patients regarding these increased odds.Level of Evidence: 3.Item Open Access Defining rates and causes of mortality associated with spine surgery: comparison of 2 data collection approaches through the Scoliosis Research Society.(Spine, 2014-04) Shaffrey, Ellen; Smith, Justin S; Lenke, Lawrence G; Polly, David W; Chen, Ching-Jen; Coe, Jeffrey D; Broadstone, Paul A; Glassman, Steven D; Vaccaro, Alexander R; Ames, Christopher P; Shaffrey, Christopher IStudy design
Retrospective review of prospectively collected databases.Objective
To compare 2 approaches for assessment of mortality associated with spine surgery.Summary of background data
The Scoliosis Research Society collects morbidity and mortality data from its members. Previously, this included details for all spine cases and all complications. To reduce time burden and improve compliance, collection was changed to focus on a few major complications (death, neurological deficit, and blindness) for specific deformity diagnoses (scoliosis, spondylolisthesis, and kyphosis) and only for cases with complications.Methods
Data were extracted from the Scoliosis Research Society from 2004-2007 (detailed system) and 2009-2011 (simplified system). As an anchor for comparison, mortality rates were compared between the systems.Results
Between 2009 and 2011, the number of deformity cases reported were 87,162, with 131 deaths (1.50/1000 cases). The mean age of these 131 patients was 50, mean American Society of Anesthesiologists grade was 2.8, 10% were smokers, and 18% had diabetes. Rates of death (per 1000 cases) were: idiopathic scoliosis (0.4), congenital scoliosis (1.3), neuromuscular scoliosis (3.6), other scoliosis (3.1), spondylolisthesis (0.6), and kyphosis (4.7). Common causes of mortality included respiratory (48), cardiac (32), sepsis (12), organ failure (9), and blood loss (7). Compared with the detailed system, the simplified system had greater surgeon compliance (79% vs. 62%, P < 0.001), greater number of deformity cases per reporting surgeon per year (139 vs. 90, P < 0.001), and modest but significantly lower mortality rates (1.50 vs. 1.80/1000 cases; P < 0.001). Causes of death were comparable between the 2 systems.Conclusion
On the basis of the simplified collection system, the rate of mortality for spinal deformity surgery was 1.50 per 1000 cases. Compared with the detailed system, the simplified system had significantly improved compliance and similar mortality rates. Although the simplified system is limited by less data collected, it achieves better compliance and may prove effective, especially if supplemented with focused data collection modules.Item Open Access Development of predictive models for all individual questions of SRS-22R after adult spinal deformity surgery: a step toward individualized medicine.(European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society, 2019-09) Ames, Christopher P; Smith, Justin S; Pellisé, Ferran; Kelly, Michael; Gum, Jeffrey L; Alanay, Ahmet; Acaroğlu, Emre; Pérez-Grueso, Francisco Javier Sánchez; Kleinstück, Frank S; Obeid, Ibrahim; Vila-Casademunt, Alba; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Burton, Douglas C; Lafage, Virginie; Schwab, Frank J; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Bess, Shay; Serra-Burriel, Miquel; European Spine Study Group; International Spine Study GroupPurpose
Health-related quality of life (HRQL) instruments are essential in value-driven health care, but patients often have more specific, personal priorities when seeking surgical care. The Scoliosis Research Society-22R (SRS-22R), an HRQL instrument for spinal deformity, provides summary scores spanning several health domains, but these may be difficult for patients to utilize in planning their specific care goals. Our objective was to create preoperative predictive models for responses to individual SRS-22R questions at 1 and 2 years after adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery to facilitate precision surgical care.Methods
Two prospective observational cohorts were queried for ASD patients with SRS-22R data at baseline and 1 and 2 years after surgery. In total, 150 covariates were used in training machine learning models, including demographics, surgical data and perioperative complications. Validation was accomplished via an 80%/20% data split for training and testing, respectively. Goodness of fit was measured using area under receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curves.Results
In total, 561 patients met inclusion criteria. The AUROC ranged from 56.5 to 86.9%, reflecting successful fits for most questions. SRS-22R questions regarding pain, disability and social and labor function were the most accurately predicted. Models were less sensitive to questions regarding general satisfaction, depression/anxiety and appearance.Conclusions
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to explicitly model the prediction of individual answers to the SRS-22R questionnaire at 1 and 2 years after deformity surgery. The ability to predict individual question responses may prove useful in preoperative counseling in the age of individualized medicine. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.Item Open Access Does prior short-segment surgery for adult scoliosis impact perioperative complication rates and clinical outcome among patients undergoing scoliosis correction?(Journal of neurosurgery. Spine, 2012-08) Kasliwal, Manish K; Smith, Justin S; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Carreon, Leah Y; Glassman, Steven D; Schwab, Frank; Lafage, Virginie; Fu, Kai-Ming G; Bridwell, Keith HObject
In many adults with scoliosis, symptoms can be principally referable to focal pathology and can be addressed with short-segment procedures, such as decompression with or without fusion. A number of patients subsequently require more extensive scoliosis correction. However, there is a paucity of data on the impact of prior short-segment surgeries on the outcome of subsequent major scoliosis correction, which could be useful in preoperative counseling and surgical decision making. The authors' objective was to assess whether prior focal decompression or short-segment fusion of a limited portion of a larger spinal deformity impacts surgical parameters and clinical outcomes in patients who subsequently require more extensive scoliosis correction surgery.Methods
The authors conducted a retrospective cohort analysis with propensity scoring, based on a prospective multicenter deformity database. Study inclusion criteria included a patient age ≥ 21 years, a primary diagnosis of untreated adult idiopathic or degenerative scoliosis with a Cobb angle ≥ 20°, and available clinical outcome measures at a minimum of 2 years after scoliosis surgery. Patients with prior short-segment surgery (< 5 levels) were propensity matched to patients with no prior surgery based on patient age, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Cobb angle, and sagittal vertical axis.Results
Thirty matched pairs were identified. Among those patients who had undergone previous spine surgery, 30% received instrumentation, 40% underwent arthrodesis, and the mean number of operated levels was 2.4 ± 0.9 (mean ± SD). As compared with patients with no history of spine surgery, those who did have a history of prior spine surgery trended toward greater blood loss and an increased number of instrumented levels and did not differ significantly in terms of complication rates, duration of surgery, or clinical outcome based on the ODI, Scoliosis Research Society-22r, or 12-Item Short Form Health Survey Physical Component Score (p > 0.05).Conclusions
Patients with adult scoliosis and a history of short-segment spine surgery who later undergo more extensive scoliosis correction do not appear to have significantly different complication rates or clinical improvements as compared with patients who have not had prior short-segment surgical procedures. These findings should serve as a basis for future prospective study.Item Open Access Drivers of Cervical Deformity Have a Strong Influence on Achieving Optimal Radiographic and Clinical Outcomes at 1 Year After Cervical Deformity Surgery.(World neurosurgery, 2018-04) Passias, Peter G; Bortz, Cole; Horn, Samantha; Segreto, Frank; Poorman, Gregory; Jalai, Cyrus; Daniels, Alan; Hamilton, D Kojo; Kim, Han Jo; Sciubba, Daniel; Smith, Justin S; Neuman, Brian; Shaffrey, Christopher; Lafage, Virginie; Lafage, Renaud; Protopsaltis, Themistocles; Ames, Christopher; Hart, Robert; Mundis, Gregory; Eastlack, Robert; International Spine Study GroupThe primary driver (PD) of cervical malalignment is important in characterizing cervical deformity (CD) and should be included in fusion to achieve alignment and quality-of-life goals. This study aims to define how PDs improve understanding of the mechanisms of CD and assesses the impact of driver region on realignment/outcomes.Inclusion: radiographic CD, age >18 years, 1 year follow-up. PD apex was classified by spinal region: cervical, cervicothoracic junction (CTJ), thoracic, or spinopelvic by a panel of spine deformity surgeons. Primary analysis evaluated PD groups meeting alignment goals (by Ames modifiers cervical sagittal vertical axis/T1 slope minus cervical lordosis/chin-brow vergical angle/modified Japanese Orthopaedics Association questionnaire) and health-related quality of life (HRQL) goals (EuroQol-5 Dimensions questionnaire/Neck Disability Index/modified Japanese Orthopaedics Association questionnaire) using t tests. Secondary analysis grouped interventions by fusion constructs including the primary or secondary apex based on lowest instrumented vertebra: cervical, lowest instrumented vertebra (LIV) ≤C7; CTJ, LIV ≤T3; and thoracic, LIV ≤T12.A total of 73 patients (mean age, 61.8 years; 59% female) were evaluated with the following PDs of their sagittal cervical deformity: cervical, 49.3%; CTJ, 31.5%; thoracic, 13.7%; and spinopelvic, 2.7%. Cervical drivers (n = 36) showed the greatest 1-year postoperative cervical and global alignment changes (improvement in T1S, CL, C0-C2, C1 slope). Thoracic drivers were more likely to have persistent severe T1 slope minus cervical lordosis modifier grade at 1 year (0, 20.0%; +, 0.0%; ++, 80.0%). Cervical deformity modifiers tended to improve in cervical patients whose construct included the PD apex (included, 26%; not, 0%; P = 0.068). Thoracic and cervicothoracic PD apex patients did not improve in HRQL goals when PD apex was not treated.CD structural drivers have an important effect on treatment and 1-year postoperative outcomes. Cervical or thoracic drivers not included in the construct result in residual deformity and inferior HRQL goals. These factors should be considered when discussing treatment plans for patients with CD.Item Open Access Dysphagia following combined anterior-posterior cervical spine surgeries.(Journal of neurosurgery. Spine, 2013-09) Chen, Ching-Jen; Saulle, Dwight; Fu, Kai-Ming; Smith, Justin S; Shaffrey, Christopher IObject
This study was undertaken to evaluate the incidence of and risk factors associated with the development of dysphagia following same-day combined anterior-posterior cervical spine surgeries.Methods
The records of 30 consecutive patients who underwent same-day combined anterior-posterior cervical spine surgery were reviewed. The presence of dysphagia was assessed by a formalized screening protocol using history/clinical presentation and a bedside swallowing test, followed by formal evaluation by speech and language pathologists and/or fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing/modified barium swallow when necessary. Age, sex, previous cervical surgeries, diagnoses, duration of procedure, specific vertebral levels and number of levels operated on, degree of sagittal curve correction, use of anterior plate, estimated blood loss, use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2), and length of hospital stay following procedures were analyzed.Results
In the immediate postoperative period, 13 patients (43.3%) developed dysphagia. Outpatient follow-up data were available for 11 patients with dysphagia, and within this subset, all cases of dysphagia resolved subjectively within 12 months following surgery. The mean numbers of anterior levels surgically treated in patients with and without dysphagia were 5.1 and 4.0, respectively (p = 0.004). All patients (100%) with dysphagia had an anterior procedure that extended above C-4, compared with 58.8% of patients without dysphagia (p = 0.010). Patients with dysphagia had significantly greater mean correction of C2-7 lordosis than patients without dysphagia (p = 0.020). The postoperative sagittal occiput-C2 angle and the change in this angle were not significantly associated with the occurrence of dysphagia (p = 0.530 and p = 0.711, respectively). Patients with postoperative dysphagia had significantly longer hospital stays than those who did not develop dysphagia (p = 0.004). No other significant difference between the dysphagia and no-dysphagia groups was identified; differences with respect to history of previous anterior cervical surgery (p = 0.141), use of an anterior plate (p = 0.613), and mean length of anterior cervical operative time (p = 0.541) were not significant.Conclusions
The incidence of dysphagia following combined anterior-posterior cervical surgery in this study was comparable to that of previous reports. The risk factors for dysphagia that were identified in this study were increased number of anterior levels exposed, anterior surgery that extended above C-4, and increased surgical correction of C2-7 lordosis.Item Open Access Evolution in Surgical Approach, Complications, and Outcomes in an Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery Multicenter Study Group Patient Population.(Spine deformity, 2019-05) Daniels, Alan H; Reid, Daniel BC; Tran, Stacie Nguyen; Hart, Robert A; Klineberg, Eric O; Bess, Shay; Burton, Douglas; Smith, Justin S; Shaffrey, Christopher; Gupta, Munish; Ames, Christopher P; Hamilton, D Kojo; LaFage, Virginie; Schwab, Frank; Eastlack, Robert; Akbarnia, Behrooz; Kim, Han Jo; Kelly, Michael; Passias, Peter G; Protopsaltis, Themistocles; Mundis, Gregory M; International Spine Study GroupStudy design
Retrospective review of a prospectively collected multicenter database.Objectives
To evaluate the evolution of surgical treatment strategies, complications, and patient-reported outcomes for adult spinal deformity (ASD) patients.Summary of background data
ASD surgery is associated with high complication rates. Evolving treatment strategies may reduce these risks.Methods
Adult patients undergoing ASD surgery from 2009 to 2016 were analyzed (n = 905). Preoperative and surgical parameters were compared across years. Subgroup analysis of 436 patients with minimum two-year follow-up was also performed.Results
From 2009 to 2016, there was a significant increase in the mean preoperative age (52 to 63.1, p < .001), body mass index (26.3 to 32.2, p = .003), Charlson Comorbidity index (1.4 to 2.2, p < .001), rate of previous spine surgery (39.8% to 53.1%, p = .01), and baseline disability (visual analog scale [VAS] back and leg pain) scores (p < .01), Oswestry Disability Index, and 22-item Scoliosis Research Society Questionnaire scores (p < .001). Preoperative Schwab sagittal alignment modifiers and overall surgical invasiveness index were similar across time. Three-column osteotomy utilization decreased from 36% in 2011 to 16.7% in 2016. Lateral lumbar interbody fusion increased from 6.4% to 24.1% (p = .004), anterior lumbar interbody fusion decreased from 22.9% to 16.7% (p = .043), and transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion/posterior lumbar interbody fusion utilization remained similar (p = .448). Use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) in 2012 was 84.6%, declined to 58% in 2013, and rebounded to 76.3% in 2016 (p = .006). Tranexamic acid use increased rapidly from 2009 to 2016 (13.3% to 48.6%, p < .001). Two-year follow-up sagittal vertical axis, pelvic tilt, pelvic incidence-lumbar lordosis, and maximum Cobb angles were similar across years. Intraoperative complications decreased from 33% in 2010 to 9.3% in 2016 (p < .001). Perioperative (<30 days, <90 days) complications peaked in 2010 (42.7%, 46%) and decreased by 2016 (24.1%, p < .001; 29.6%, p = .007). The overall complication rate decreased from 73.2% in 2008-2014 patients to 62.6% in 2015-2016 patients (p = .03). Two-year health-related quality of life outcomes did not significantly differ across the years (p > .05).Conclusions
From 2009 to 2016, despite an increasingly elderly, medically compromised, and obese patient population, complication rates decreased. Evolving strategies may result in improved treatment of ASD patients.Level of evidence
Level IV.Item Open Access Incidence and risk factors of postoperative neurologic decline after complex adult spinal deformity surgery: results of the Scoli-RISK-1 study.(The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society, 2018-10) Fehlings, Michael G; Kato, So; Lenke, Lawrence G; Nakashima, Hiroaki; Nagoshi, Narihito; Shaffrey, Christopher I; Cheung, Kenneth MC; Carreon, Leah; Dekutoski, Mark B; Schwab, Frank J; Boachie-Adjei, Oheneba; Kebaish, Khaled M; Ames, Christopher P; Qiu, Yong; Matsuyama, Yukihiro; Dahl, Benny T; Mehdian, Hossein; Pellisé-Urquiza, Ferran; Lewis, Stephen J; Berven, Sigurd HBackground context
Significant variability in neurologic outcomes after surgical correction for adult spinal deformity (ASD) has been reported. Risk factors for decline in neurologic motor outcomes are poorly understood.Purpose
The objective of the present investigation was to identify the risk factors for postoperative neurologic motor decline in patients undergoing complex ASD surgery.Study design/setting
This is a prospective international multicenter cohort study.Patient sample
From September 2011 to October 2012, 272 patients undergoing complex ASD surgery were prospectively enrolled in a multicenter, international cohort study in 15 sites.Outcome measures
Neurologic decline was defined as any postoperative deterioration in American Spinal Injury Association lower extremity motor score (LEMS) compared with preoperative status.Methods
To identify risk factors, 10 candidate variables were selected for univariable analysis from the dataset based on clinical relevance, and a multivariable logistic regression analysis was used with backward stepwise selection.Results
Complete datasets on 265 patients were available for analysis and 61 (23%) patients showed a decline in LEMS at discharge. Univariable analysis showed that the key factors associated with postoperative neurologic deterioration included older age, lumbar-level osteotomy, three-column osteotomy, and larger blood loss. Multivariable analysis revealed that older age (odds ratio [OR]=1.5 per 10 years, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1-2.1, p=.005), larger coronal deformity angular ratio [DAR] (OR=1.1 per 1 unit, 95% CI 1.0-1.2, p=.037), and lumbar osteotomy (OR=3.3, 95% CI 1.2-9.2, p=.022) were the three major predictors of neurologic decline.Conclusions
Twenty-three percent of patients undergoing complex ASD surgery experienced a postoperative neurologic decline. Age, coronal DAR, and lumbar osteotomy were identified as the key contributing factors.Item Open Access Incidence of unintended durotomy in spine surgery based on 108,478 cases.(Neurosurgery, 2011-01) Williams, Brian J; Sansur, Charles A; Smith, Justin S; Berven, Sigurd H; Broadstone, Paul A; Choma, Theodore J; Goytan, Michael J; Noordeen, Hilali H; Knapp, D Raymond; Hart, Robert A; Zeller, Reinhard D; Donaldson, William F; Polly, David W; Perra, Joseph H; Boachie-Adjei, Oheneba; Shaffrey, Christopher IBackground
Unintended durotomy is a common complication of spinal surgery. However, the incidences reported in the literature vary widely and are based primarily on relatively small case numbers from a single surgeon or institution.Objective
To provide spine surgeons with a reliable incidence of unintended durotomy in spinal surgery and to assess various factors that may influence the risk of durotomy.Methods
We assessed 108,478 surgical cases prospectively submitted by members of the Scoliosis Research Society to a deidentified database from 2004 to 2007.Results
Unintended durotomy occurred in 1.6% (1745 of 108 478) of all cases. The incidence of unintended durotomy ranged from 1.1% to 1.9% on the basis of preoperative diagnosis, with the highest incidence among patients treated for kyphosis (1.9%) or spondylolisthesis (1.9%) and the lowest incidence among patients treated for scoliosis (1.1%). The most common indication for spine surgery was degenerative spinal disorder, and among these patients, there was a lower incidence of durotomy for cervical (1.0%) vs thoracic (2.2%; P = .01) or lumbar (2.1%, P < .001) cases. Scoliosis procedures were further characterized by etiology, with the highest incidence of durotomy in the degenerative subgroup (2.2% vs 1.1%; P < .001). Durotomy was more common in revision compared with primary surgery (2.2% vs 1.5%; P < .001) and was significantly more common among elderly (> 80 years of age) patients (2.2% vs 1.6%; P = .006). There was a significant association between unintended durotomy and development of a new neurological deficit (P < .001).Conclusion
Unintended durotomy occurred in at least 1.6% of spinal surgeries, even among experienced surgeons. Our data provide general benchmarks of durotomy rates and serve as a basis for ongoing efforts to improve safety of care.Item Open Access Intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring in spine surgery.(Spine, 2010-12) Malhotra, Neil R; Shaffrey, Christopher IStudy design
Review of the literature with analysis of pooled data.Objective
To assess common intraoperative neuromonitoring (IOM) changes that occur during the course of spinal surgery, potential causes of change, and determine appropriate responses. Further, there will be discussion of appropriate application of IOM, and medical legal aspects. The structured literature review will answer the following questions: What are the various IOM methods currently available for spinal surgery? What are the sensitivities and specificities of each modality for neural element injury? How are the changes in each modality best interpreted? What is the appropriate response to indicated changes? Recommendations will be made as to the interpretation and appropriate response to IOM changes.Summary of background data
Total number of abstracts identified and reviewed was 187. Full review was performed on 18 articles.Methods
The MEDLINE database was queried using the search terms IOM, spinal surgery, SSEP, wake-up test, MEP, spontaneous and triggered electromyography alone and in various combinations. Abstracts were identified and reviewed. Individual case reports were excluded. Detailed information and data from appropriate articles were assessed and compiled.Results
Ability to achieve IOM baseline data varied from 70% to 98% for somatosensory-evoked potentials (SSEP) and 66% to 100% for motor-evoked potentials (MEP) in absence of neural axis abnormality. Multimodality intraoperative neuromonitoring (MIOM) provided false negatives in 0% to 0.79% of cases, whereas isolated SSEP monitoring alone provided false negative in 0.063% to 2.7% of cases. MIOM provided false positive warning in 0.6% to 1.38% of cases.Conclusion
As spine surgery, and patient comorbidity, becomes increasingly complex, IOM permits more aggressive deformity correction and tumor resection. Combination of SSEP and MEP monitoring provides assessment of entire spinal cord functionality in real time. Spontaneous and triggered electromyography add assessment of nerve roots. The wake-up test can continue to serve as a supplement when needed. MIOM may prove useful in preservation of neurologic function where an alteration of approach is possible. IOM is a valuable tool for optimization of outcome in complex spinal surgery.
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