Browsing by Subject "Perception"
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Item Open Access Age mediation of frontoparietal activation during visual feature search.(Neuroimage, 2014-11-15) Madden, David J; Parks, Emily L; Davis, Simon W; Diaz, Michele T; Potter, Guy G; Chou, Ying-hui; Chen, Nan-kuei; Cabeza, RobertoActivation of frontal and parietal brain regions is associated with attentional control during visual search. We used fMRI to characterize age-related differences in frontoparietal activation in a highly efficient feature search task, detection of a shape singleton. On half of the trials, a salient distractor (a color singleton) was present in the display. The hypothesis was that frontoparietal activation mediated the relation between age and attentional capture by the salient distractor. Participants were healthy, community-dwelling individuals, 21 younger adults (19-29 years of age) and 21 older adults (60-87 years of age). Top-down attention, in the form of target predictability, was associated with an improvement in search performance that was comparable for younger and older adults. The increase in search reaction time (RT) associated with the salient distractor (attentional capture), standardized to correct for generalized age-related slowing, was greater for older adults than for younger adults. On trials with a color singleton distractor, search RT increased as a function of increasing activation in frontal regions, for both age groups combined, suggesting increased task difficulty. Mediational analyses disconfirmed the hypothesized model, in which frontal activation mediated the age-related increase in attentional capture, but supported an alternative model in which age was a mediator of the relation between frontal activation and capture.Item Open Access Age-related differences in the neural bases of phonological and semantic processes.(Journal of cognitive neuroscience, 2014-12) Diaz, Michele T; Johnson, Micah A; Burke, Deborah M; Madden, David JChanges in language functions during normal aging are greater for phonological compared with semantic processes. To investigate the behavioral and neural basis for these age-related differences, we used fMRI to examine younger and older adults who made semantic and phonological decisions about pictures. The behavioral performance of older adults was less accurate and less efficient than younger adults' in the phonological task but did not differ in the semantic task. In the fMRI analyses, the semantic task activated left-hemisphere language regions, and the phonological task activated bilateral cingulate and ventral precuneus. Age-related effects were widespread throughout the brain and most often expressed as greater activation for older adults. Activation was greater for younger compared with older adults in ventral brain regions involved in visual and object processing. Although there was not a significant Age × Condition interaction in the whole-brain fMRI results, correlations examining the relationship between behavior and fMRI activation were stronger for younger compared with older adults. Our results suggest that the relationship between behavior and neural activation declines with age, and this may underlie some of the observed declines in performance.Item Open Access Association between perceived life chaos and medication adherence in a postmyocardial infarction population.(Circulation. Cardiovascular quality and outcomes, 2013-11) Zullig, Leah L; Shaw, Ryan J; Crowley, Matthew J; Lindquist, Jennifer; Grambow, Steven C; Peterson, Eric; Shah, Bimal R; Bosworth, Hayden BBackground
The benefits of medication adherence to control cardiovascular disease (CVD) are well defined, yet multiple studies have identified poor adherence. The influence of life chaos on medication adherence is unknown. Because this is a novel application of an instrument, our preliminary objective was to understand patient factors associated with chaos. The main objective was to evaluate the extent to which an instrument designed to measure life chaos is associated with CVD-medication nonadherence.Methods and results
Using baseline data from an ongoing randomized trial to improve postmyocardial infarction (MI) management, multivariable logistic regression identified the association between life chaos and CVD-medication nonadherence. Patients had hypertension and a myocardial infarction in the past 3 years (n=406). Nearly 43% reported CVD-medication nonadherence in the past month. In simple linear regression, the following were associated with higher life chaos: medication nonadherence (β=1.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.96-2.76), female sex (β=1.22; 95% CI [0.22-2.24]), minority race (β=1.72; 95% CI [0.78-2.66]), having less than high school education (β=2.05; 95% CI [0.71-3.39]), low health literacy (β=2.06; 95% CI [0.86-3.26]), and inadequate financial status (β=1.93; 95% CI [0.87-3.00]). Being married (β=-2.09, 95% CI [-3.03 to -1.15]) was associated with lower life chaos. As chaos quartile increased, patients exhibited more nonadherence. In logistic regression, adjusting for sex, race, marital status, employment, education, health literacy, and financial status, a 1-unit life chaos increase was associated with a 7% increase (odds ratio, 1.07; 95% CI [1.02-1.12]) in odds of reporting medication nonadherence.Conclusions
Our results suggest that life chaos may be an important determinant of medication adherence. Life chaos screenings could identify those at risk for nonadherence.Clinical trial registration
URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT000901277.Item Open Access Autobiographical memories of anxiety-related experiences.(Behav Res Ther, 2004-03) Wenzel, Amy; Pinna, Keri; Rubin, David CNinety-nine undergraduate students retrieved three memories associated with each of the five emotional experiences: panic, trauma, worry, social anxiety, and feeling content. Subsequently, they answered 24 questions assessing properties of each memory, including the vividness and perceived accuracy of the memories and sensory, emotional, and anxiety-related experiences during retrieval. Memories were coded for affective tone and specificity. Results indicated that panic-related and trauma-related memories were rated similarly as content memories, but that they generally were associated with more imagery and emotional experiencing than worry-related or social anxiety-related memories. Participants experienced panic and worry symptoms to the greatest degree when they retrieved panic-related and trauma-related memories. All anxiety-related memories were characterized by more negative tone than content memories. Panic-related and trauma-related memories were more specific than worry-related, social anxiety-related, and content memories. These findings can explain partially why individuals with some, but not all, anxiety disorders experience enhanced memory for threatening material.Item Open Access Comparing actual and perceived causes of fever among community members in a low malaria transmission setting in northern Tanzania.(Trop Med Int Health, 2013-11) Hertz, Julian T; Munishi, O Michael; Sharp, Joanne P; Reddy, Elizabeth A; Crump, John AOBJECTIVE: To compare actual and perceived causes of fever in northern Tanzania. METHODS: In a standardised survey, heads of households in 30 wards in Moshi, Tanzania, were asked to identify the most common cause of fever for children and for adults. Responses were compared to data from a local hospital-based fever aetiology study that used standard diagnostic techniques. RESULTS: Of 810 interviewees, the median (range) age was 48 (16, 102) years and 509 (62.8%) were women. Malaria was the most frequently identified cause of fever, cited by 353 (43.6%) and 459 (56.7%) as the most common cause of fever for children and adults, respectively. In contrast, malaria accounted for 8 (2.0%) of adult and 6 (1.3%) of paediatric febrile admissions in the fever aetiology study. Weather was the second most frequently cited cause of fever. Participants who identified a non-biomedical explanation such as weather as the most common cause of fever were more likely to prefer a traditional healer for treatment of febrile adults (OR 2.7, P < 0.001). Bacterial zoonoses were the most common cause of fever among inpatients, but no interviewees identified infections from animal contact as the most common cause of fever for adults; two (0.2%) identified these infections as the most common cause of fever for children. CONCLUSIONS: Malaria is perceived to be a much more common cause of fever than hospital studies indicate, whereas other important diseases are under-appreciated in northern Tanzania. Belief in non-biomedical explanations of fever is common locally and has important public health consequences.Item Open Access Corollary discharge across the animal kingdom.(Nat Rev Neurosci, 2008-08) Crapse, Trinity B; Sommer, Marc AOur movements can hinder our ability to sense the world. Movements can induce sensory input (for example, when you hit something) that is indistinguishable from the input that is caused by external agents (for example, when something hits you). It is critical for nervous systems to be able to differentiate between these two scenarios. A ubiquitous strategy is to route copies of movement commands to sensory structures. These signals, which are referred to as corollary discharge (CD), influence sensory processing in myriad ways. Here we review the CD circuits that have been uncovered by neurophysiological studies and suggest a functional taxonomic classification of CD across the animal kingdom. This broad understanding of CD circuits lays the groundwork for more challenging studies that combine neurophysiology and psychophysics to probe the role of CD in perception.Item Open Access Evaluating Current Attitudes towards Snakes in the Nicholas School of the Environment’s (NSOE) Environmental Master's Student Community(2017-04-28) Calderon-Arrieta, DiegoSnake populations have been found to be on the decline both globally and in the United States. As these populations have continued to decline, particularly in the American Midwest, cropland and agricultural plots have begun to develop, which have become an inviting place for agricultural pests like insects and rodents. Rodents have been deemed one of the largest threats to global and national food security, and snakes can serve as a great natural pest control mechanism. However, people’s diverse attitudes and exaggerated concerns can be a great barrier to the acceptance of snakes protecting the welfare of humankind. Previous literature has documented factors shaping attitudes towards snakes among laypeople and undergraduate students. My research project will instead evaluate current attitudes towards snakes among the Nicholas School of the Environment (NSOE) master’s student community and explore methods that can be implemented to ameliorate anxieties about snakes. This is a community worth exploring, because these are future policymakers and conservation planners whose decisions will likely broadly impact populations of snakes, and it is important that they keep their attitudes towards snakes separate from what management recommendations they give about them. Using an online survey and ordered logistic regression models, I demonstrated that – compared to natural science-focused students – students not pursuing a natural-science focused concentration are less likely to indicate higher levels of positive attitudes towards snakes. The survey also indicates that there is high demand for seminars like learning how to handle snakes safely or general knowledge about them. Future researchers will have to measure these methods’ respective efficacies in reducing negative views towards snakes in this particular population. For the benefit of humankind and snakes alike, NSOE students should develop more conservation-driven views of snakes to protect snakes from unnecessary persecution and humans from snake-induced stress.Item Open Access Food, class, and health: the role of the perceived body in the social reproduction of health.(Health communication, 2013-05) Chapman, Shawna L Carroll; Wu, Li-TzyThe association between social class and cardiovascular health is complex, involving a constant interplay of factors as individuals integrate external information from the media, health care providers, and people they know with personal experience to produce health behaviors. This ethnographic study took place from February 2008 to February 2009 to assess how cardiovascular health information circulating in Kansas City influenced a sample of 55 women in the area. Participants were primarily Caucasian (n = 41) but diverse in terms of age, income, and education. Themes identified in transcripts showed women shared the same idea of an ideal body, young and thin, and associated this perception with ideas about good health, intelligence, and morality. Transcript themes corresponded to those found at health events and in the media that emphasized individual control over determinants of disease. Women's physical appearance and health behaviors corresponded to class indicators. Four categories were identified to represent women's shared beliefs and practices in relation to class, cardiovascular disease, and obesity. Findings were placed within an existing body of social theory to better understand how cardiovascular health information and women's associated beliefs relate to health inequality.Item Unknown Getting under the hood: how and for whom does increasing course structure work?(CBE life sciences education, 2014-01) Eddy, Sarah L; Hogan, Kelly AAt the college level, the effectiveness of active-learning interventions is typically measured at the broadest scales: the achievement or retention of all students in a course. Coarse-grained measures like these cannot inform instructors about an intervention's relative effectiveness for the different student populations in their classrooms or about the proximate factors responsible for the observed changes in student achievement. In this study, we disaggregate student data by racial/ethnic groups and first-generation status to identify whether a particular intervention-increased course structure-works better for particular populations of students. We also explore possible factors that may mediate the observed changes in student achievement. We found that a "moderate-structure" intervention increased course performance for all student populations, but worked disproportionately well for black students-halving the black-white achievement gap-and first-generation students-closing the achievement gap with continuing-generation students. We also found that students consistently reported completing the assigned readings more frequently, spending more time studying for class, and feeling an increased sense of community in the moderate-structure course. These changes imply that increased course structure improves student achievement at least partially through increasing student use of distributed learning and creating a more interdependent classroom community.Item Open Access Health beliefs and desire to improve cholesterol levels among patients with hyperlipidemia.(Patient education and counseling, 2016-05) Zullig, Leah L; Sanders, Linda L; Thomas, Steven; Brown, Jamie N; Danus, Susanne; McCant, Felicia; Bosworth, Hayden BObjective
Because hyperlipidemia is asymptomatic, many veterans affairs (VA) patients may not perceive it seriously. We assessed key Health Belief model concepts to describe patients' cholesterol-related health beliefs and examine associations between patient-level factors and desire to improve cholesterol control.Methods
We used baseline data from an ongoing randomized clinical trial. Eligible patients were receiving care at the Durham VA and had CVD risk-total cholesterol levels >130 mg/dL and/or <80% medication adherence in the previous 12 months. A survey assessed patients' health beliefs about high cholesterol and self-reported medication adherence. Multivariable logistic regression examined whether there was an association between desire to control cholesterol and cholesterol status.Results
Approximately 64% (n=155) of patients perceived high cholesterol as 'very serious'. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, patients who perceived high cholesterol as 'very serious' (OR 2. 26, p=0.032) and/or with high self-efficacy (OR 4.70, p<0.001) had increased odds of desiring cholesterol control.Conclusion
The factors most significantly associated with desire to improve cholesterol control were perceiving hyperlipidemia as 'very serious and self-efficacy for cholesterol control.Practice implication
Educating patients, with the goal of appropriately increasing their perceived risk of disease, is likely necessary to impact cholesterol control.Item Open Access How Views of the Organization of Primary Care Among Patients with Hypertension Vary by Race or Ethnicity.(Military medicine, 2018-09) Jackson, George L; Stechuchak, Karen M; Weinberger, Morris; Bosworth, Hayden B; Coffman, Cynthia J; Kirshner, Miriam A; Edelman, DavidIntroduction
We assessed potential racial or ethnic differences in the degree to which veterans with pharmaceutically treated hypertension report experiences with their primary care system that are consistent with optimal chronic illness care as suggested by Wagner's Chronic Care Model (CCM).Materials and methods
A cross-sectional analysis of the results of the Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (PACIC), which measured components of the care system suggested by the CCM and was completed at baseline by participants in a hypertension disease management clinical trial. Participants had a recent history of uncontrolled systolic blood pressure.Results
Among 377 patients, non-Hispanic African American veterans had almost twice the odds of indicating that their primary care experience is consistent with CCM features when compared with non-Hispanic White patients (odds ratio (OR) = 1.86; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.16-2.98). Similar statistically significant associations were observed for follow-up care (OR = 2.59; 95% CI = 1.49-4.50), patient activation (OR = 1.80; 95% CI = 1.13-2.87), goal setting (OR = 1.65; 95% CI = 1.03-2.64), and help with problem solving (OR = 1.62; 95% CI = 1.00-2.60).Conclusions
Non-Hispanic African Americans with pharmaceutically treated hypertension report that the primary care system more closely approximates the Wagner CCM than non-Hispanic White patients.Item Open Access "I Use Weed for My ADHD": A Qualitative Analysis of Online Forum Discussions on Cannabis Use and ADHD.(PLoS One, 2016) Mitchell, John T; Sweitzer, Maggie M; Tunno, Angela M; Kollins, Scott H; McClernon, F JosephBACKGROUND: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a risk factor for problematic cannabis use. However, clinical and anecdotal evidence suggest an increasingly popular perception that cannabis is therapeutic for ADHD, including via online resources. Given that the Internet is increasingly utilized as a source of healthcare information and may influence perceptions, we conducted a qualitative analysis of online forum discussions, also referred to as threads, on the effects of cannabis on ADHD to systematically characterize the content patients and caregivers may encounter about ADHD and cannabis. METHODS: A total of 268 separate forum threads were identified. Twenty percent (20%) were randomly selected, which yielded 55 separate forum threads (mean number of individual posts per forum thread = 17.53) scored by three raters (Cohen's kappa = 0.74). A final sample of 401 posts in these forum threads received at least one endorsement on predetermined topics following qualitative coding procedures. RESULTS: Twenty-five (25%) percent of individual posts indicated that cannabis is therapeutic for ADHD, as opposed to 8% that it is harmful, 5% that it is both therapeutic and harmful, and 2% that it has no effect on ADHD. This pattern was generally consistent when the year of each post was considered. The greater endorsement of therapeutic versus harmful effects of cannabis did not generalize to mood, other (non-ADHD) psychiatric conditions, or overall domains of daily life. Additional themes emerged (e.g., cannabis being considered sanctioned by healthcare providers). CONCLUSIONS: Despite that there are no clinical recommendations or systematic research supporting the beneficial effects of cannabis use for ADHD, online discussions indicate that cannabis is considered therapeutic for ADHD-this is the first study to identify such a trend. This type of online information could shape ADHD patient and caregiver perceptions, and influence cannabis use and clinical care.Item Open Access Investigating the Anatomical Basis for Streams in the Mouse Visual Cortex(2017-05-04) Hoffman, GaryExamining the organization of the visual cortex can help show how visual processing is accomplished. For instance, a major organizational property of the primate visual cortex is the division of the higher visual areas (HVAs) into separate streams with high connectivity and similar functional properties. These streams allow for parallel processing of functionally distinct visual phenomena, with the ventral stream focusing on object recognition and the dorsal stream on localization and movement coordination. While some mechanisms for the segregation of streams from primary visual cortex (V1) to the HVAs are known, such as the clustering of neurons feeding into separate streams within specialized layers, the architecture at the level of single cells is not known. Understanding this anatomical organization is important for predicting how information is distributed, and shared, among the HVAs. In the mouse, studies examining the reciprocal connectivity between visual areas, especially Burkhalter (Wang, Sporns, & Burkhalter, 2012), have suggested a stream organization similar to that seen in primates. Modern genetic techniques in the mouse present an opportunity to study the anatomical organization and functional specializations that contribute to parallel processing in streams. Towards this goal, we set out to understand which neuronal populations in mouse V1 might participate in each stream and their degree of anatomical segregation. Here we tested the hypothesis that there is anatomical specificity, at the level of both laminar populations and individual neurons, in the makeup of streams originating in V1. Anatomical specificity was assessed by quantifying the number of neurons in each V1 lamina projecting to each HVA and by finding the probability that V1 neurons project to multiple HVAs. Although laminar specificity did not differ among the HVAs, there was a trend of V1 neurons with multiple projection targets synapsing onto HVAs in a preferred stream. Though these findings do not reveal the anatomical basis for streams seen in the primate cortex, they reveal a mechanism for sharing information among streams that could be crucial to understanding these modules’ role in visual processing. Future studies could investigate the functional properties of neurons with multiple projections to HVAs in a certain visual stream and determine physiological aspects that could contribute to sharing of information among streams with different response properties. These studies will ultimately reveal how the visual system distributes information into streams made up of highly interconnected HVAs, and how these networks are used to guide behavior.Item Open Access Investigations into the Neural Basis of Consciousness(2019) Giattino, CharlesThe overarching goal of this dissertation was to improve our understanding of the neural basis of consciousness by approaching the problem along two separate, complementary facets: examining the levels of consciousness and the contents of consciousness.
Chapter 2 examines how the level of consciousness changes under general anesthesia for surgery, and how neural (EEG) markers of this change relate to postoperative cognitive impairments afflicting many older adults. Older adult patients underwent neurocognitive testing before and after surgery, and their 32-channel EEG was recorded both before and during general anesthesia for surgery. Results showed that one of the most profound changes from the awake to the anesthetized brain—the anteriorization of alpha-band (8-12 Hz) activity—correlated with preoperative cognitive scores, which are themselves predictors for postoperative cognitive impairments. These results have added to our understanding of how manipulations of the level of consciousness under general anesthesia ramify into potentially long-lasting impairments to cognition, and how these impairments might be monitored and avoided.
Chapters 3 and 4 examined how the contents of consciousness relate to the selection mechanism of attention. Chapter 3 investigated the dissociability of these two phenomena by examining the neural mechanisms underlying the orienting of spatial attention without awareness. High-density (64-channel) EEG was recorded while subjects performed a novel task that combined classic spatial cueing with object-substitution masking to manipulate subjects’ awareness of the cues on ~half of the trials, allowing a direct comparison of orienting with and without awareness, controlled for having identical sensory stimulation. Results confirmed that attention could be oriented without awareness, leading to improved behavior (faster reaction times and better accuracy) and enhanced sensory processing (indexed by the P1 event-related potential, ERP) for validly (compared to invalidly) cued targets. Interestingly, the hallmark ERP for the orienting of attention in response to a cue, the N2pc, was only observed for conscious orienting, pointing to an alternate mechanism for unconscious orienting, such as via the subcortical retinotectal pathway.
Chapter 4 investigated the mechanisms and temporal dynamics of the attentional selection of conscious internal representations in working memory. EEG was recorded while subjects performed a modified delayed match-to-sample task where one of two sample objects, a face or a house, was retroactively cued on each trial. A multivariate classifier was trained on the pattern of alpha-band activity to determine if and when information about the selected object could be decoded from the alpha signal following the retrocue. Results showed that alpha could be used to decode the selected object, pointing to its general role as a top-down attentional control signal. This decoding was relatively transient, rather than sustained, which accords with recent proposals of “activity-silent” working memory and argues against accounts of working memory that posit sustained internal attention as the underlying mechanism. Together the results of Chapters 3 and 4 help inform our understanding of how attention operates both externally and internally to select the contents of consciousness.
Item Open Access Linking cognitive and visual perceptual decline in healthy aging: The information degradation hypothesis.(Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2016-10) Monge, Zachary A; Madden, David JSeveral hypotheses attempt to explain the relation between cognitive and perceptual decline in aging (e.g., common-cause, sensory deprivation, cognitive load on perception, information degradation). Unfortunately, the majority of past studies examining this association have used correlational analyses, not allowing for these hypotheses to be tested sufficiently. This correlational issue is especially relevant for the information degradation hypothesis, which states that degraded perceptual signal inputs, resulting from either age-related neurobiological processes (e.g., retinal degeneration) or experimental manipulations (e.g., reduced visual contrast), lead to errors in perceptual processing, which in turn may affect non-perceptual, higher-order cognitive processes. Even though the majority of studies examining the relation between age-related cognitive and perceptual decline have been correlational, we reviewed several studies demonstrating that visual manipulations affect both younger and older adults' cognitive performance, supporting the information degradation hypothesis and contradicting implications of other hypotheses (e.g., common-cause, sensory deprivation, cognitive load on perception). The reviewed evidence indicates the necessity to further examine the information degradation hypothesis in order to identify mechanisms underlying age-related cognitive decline.Item Open Access Lives versus Livelihoods? Perceived economic risk has a stronger association with support for COVID-19 preventive measures than perceived health risk.(Scientific reports, 2021-05) Nisa, Claudia F; Bélanger, Jocelyn J; Faller, Daiane G; Buttrick, Nicholas R; Mierau, Jochen O; Austin, Maura MK; Schumpe, Birga M; Sasin, Edyta M; Agostini, Maximilian; Gützkow, Ben; Kreienkamp, Jannis; Abakoumkin, Georgios; Abdul Khaiyom, Jamilah Hanum; Ahmedi, Vjollca; Akkas, Handan; Almenara, Carlos A; Atta, Mohsin; Bagci, Sabahat Cigdem; Basel, Sima; Kida, Edona Berisha; Bernardo, Allan BI; Chobthamkit, Phatthanakit; Choi, Hoon-Seok; Cristea, Mioara; Csaba, Sára; Damnjanović, Kaja; Danyliuk, Ivan; Dash, Arobindu; Di Santo, Daniela; Douglas, Karen M; Enea, Violeta; Fitzsimons, Gavan; Gheorghiu, Alexandra; Gómez, Ángel; Grzymala-Moszczynska, Joanna; Hamaidia, Ali; Han, Qing; Helmy, Mai; Hudiyana, Joevarian; Jeronimus, Bertus F; Jiang, Ding-Yu; Jovanović, Veljko; Kamenov, Željka; Kende, Anna; Keng, Shian-Ling; Kieu, Tra Thi Thanh; Koc, Yasin; Kovyazina, Kamila; Kozytska, Inna; Krause, Joshua; Kruglanski, Arie W; Kurapov, Anton; Kutlaca, Maja; Lantos, Nóra Anna; Lemay, Edward P; Lesmana, Cokorda Bagus Jaya; Louis, Winnifred R; Lueders, Adrian; Malik, Najma Iqbal; Martinez, Anton; McCabe, Kira O; Mehulić, Jasmina; Milla, Mirra Noor; Mohammed, Idris; Molinario, Erica; Moyano, Manuel; Muhammad, Hayat; Mula, Silvana; Muluk, Hamdi; Myroniuk, Solomiia; Najafi, Reza; Nyúl, Boglárka; O'Keefe, Paul A; Osuna, Jose Javier Olivas; Osin, Evgeny N; Park, Joonha; Pica, Gennaro; Pierro, Antonio; Rees, Jonas; Reitsema, Anne Margit; Resta, Elena; Rullo, Marika; Ryan, Michelle K; Samekin, Adil; Santtila, Pekka; Selim, Heyla A; Stanton, Michael Vicente; Sultana, Samiah; Sutton, Robbie M; Tseliou, Eleftheria; Utsugi, Akira; van Breen, Jolien Anne; Van Lissa, Caspar J; Van Veen, Kees; vanDellen, Michelle R; Vázquez, Alexandra; Wollast, Robin; Yeung, Victoria Wai-Lan; Zand, Somayeh; Žeželj, Iris Lav; Zheng, Bang; Zick, Andreas; Zúñiga, Claudia; Leander, N PontusThis paper examines whether compliance with COVID-19 mitigation measures is motivated by wanting to save lives or save the economy (or both), and which implications this carries to fight the pandemic. National representative samples were collected from 24 countries (N = 25,435). The main predictors were (1) perceived risk to contract coronavirus, (2) perceived risk to suffer economic losses due to coronavirus, and (3) their interaction effect. Individual and country-level variables were added as covariates in multilevel regression models. We examined compliance with various preventive health behaviors and support for strict containment policies. Results show that perceived economic risk consistently predicted mitigation behavior and policy support-and its effects were positive. Perceived health risk had mixed effects. Only two significant interactions between health and economic risk were identified-both positive.Item Open Access Misjudging our Influence on Others: Blind Spots in Perceptions of Peer Use of Advice(2015) Rader, Christina AnnPeople give each other advice on a variety of topics throughout their lifetimes. In this dissertation, I ask: Do advisors accurately perceive the impact of their advice? Or, do they possess blind spots that prevent them from doing so? I focus on whether advisors recognize the information they need in order to form judgments of the impact of their advice, which I call "impact judgments". Four studies demonstrate that advisors have blind spots in their perceptions of their influence and that these blind spots have consequences for advisors' accuracy and subsequent behavioral intentions. First, a free-recall task (Study 1) and a manipulated scenario task (Study 2) showed that advisors failed to recognize when they were missing information needed to form accurate impact judgments, namely, information on the advisee's initial, pre-advice opinion, unless they were prompted to think about why they need that information. Second, an experiment where participants were assigned the role of advisor or advisee (Study 3) demonstrated that advisors' impact judgments were less accurate when advisors did not know the advisee's initial, pre-advice opinion. Third, participants' recollections of a time they gave advice (Study 4) showed that advisors relied on their impact judgments for forming downstream behavioral intentions such as willingness to give advice again, even when they recognized that they were lacking needed information. I conclude with a discussion of the implications for advice giving by individuals and members of organizations, a general framework for impact judgments, and areas for future research.
Item Open Access Perceived sexual control, sex-related alcohol expectancies and behavior predict substance-related sexual revictimization.(Child Abuse Negl, 2013-05) Walsh, Kate; Messman-Moore, Terri; Zerubavel, Noga; Chandley, Rachel B; Denardi, Kathleen A; Walker, Dave POBJECTIVES: Although numerous studies have documented linkages between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and later sexual revictimization, mechanisms underlying revictimization, particularly assaults occurring in the context of substance use, are not well-understood. Consistent with Traumagenic Dynamics theory, the present study tested a path model positing that lowered perceptions of sexual control resulting from CSA may be associated with increased sex-related alcohol expectancies and heightened likelihood of risky sexual behavior, which in turn, may predict adult substance-related rape. METHODS: Participants were 546 female college students who completed anonymous surveys regarding CSA and adult rape, perceptions of sexual control, sex-related alcohol expectancies, and likelihood of engaging in risky sexual behavior. RESULTS: The data fit the hypothesized model well and all hypothesized path coefficients were significant and in the expected directions. As expected, sex-related alcohol expectancies and likelihood of risky sexual behavior only predicted substance-related rape, not forcible rape. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggested that low perceived sexual control stemming from CSA is associated with increased sex-related alcohol expectancies and a higher likelihood of engaging in sexual behavior in the context of alcohol use. In turn these proximal risk factors heighten vulnerability to substance-related rape. Programs which aim to reduce risk for substance-related rape could be improved by addressing expectancies and motivations for risky sexual behavior in the context of substance use. Implications and future directions are discussed.Item Open Access Perceived stress and biological risk: is the link stronger in Russians than in Taiwanese and Americans?(Stress, 2013-07) Glei, Dana A; Goldman, Noreen; Shkolnikov, Vladimir M; Jdanov, Dmitri; Shkolnikova, Maria; Vaupel, James W; Weinstein, MaxineAllostatic load theory implies a relationship between exposure to psychological stress and multi-system physiological dysregulation. We used data from population-based samples of men and women in Russia (Moscow; n = 1800; age, mean 68.6 years), Taiwan (n = 1036; 65.6 years) and the United States (US; n = 1054; 58.0 years) -- which are likely to vary widely with respect to levels of stress exposure and biological markers -- to determine the magnitude of the association between perceived stress and physiological dysregulation. The measure of overall dysregulation was based on 15 markers including standard cardiovascular/metabolic risk factors as well as markers of inflammation and neuroendocrine activity. Subjective psychological stress was measured by the perceived stress scale. Only the Moscow sample demonstrated a positive association with overall dysregulation in both sexes. In the US, we found an association among women but not men. Among the Taiwanese, who report the lowest perceived stress, there was no association in women but an unexpected inverse relationship in men. The effects also varied across system-level subscores: the association with perceived stress was most consistent for standard cardiovascular/metabolic factors. Perceived stress was associated with inflammation and neuroendocrine activity in some samples. Although the evidence that perceived stress is the primary source of physiological dysregulation is generally modest, it was stronger in Russia where the level of perceived stress was particularly high. For Russia only, we had information about heart function based on a 24 h ambulatory electrocardiogram; perceived stress was consistently associated with heart rate dysregulation in Russian men and women.Item Open Access Perception Versus Actual Performance in Timely Tissue Plasminogen Activation Administration in the Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke.(J Am Heart Assoc, 2015-07-22) Lin, Cheryl B; Cox, Margueritte; Olson, DaiWai M; Britz, Gavin W; Constable, Mark; Fonarow, Gregg C; Schwamm, Lee; Peterson, Eric D; Shah, Bimal RBACKGROUND: Timely thrombolytic therapy can improve stroke outcomes. Nevertheless, the ability of US hospitals to meet guidelines for intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) remains suboptimal. What is unclear is whether hospitals accurately perceive their rate of tPA "door-to-needle" (DTN) time within 60 minutes and how DTN rates compare across different hospitals. METHODS AND RESULTS: DTN performance was defined by the percentage of treated patients who received tPA within 60 minutes of arrival. Telephone surveys were obtained from staff at 141 Get With The Guidelines hospitals, representing top, middle, and low DTN performance. Less than one-third (29.1%) of staff accurately identified their DTN performance. Among middle- and low-performing hospitals (n=92), 56 sites (60.9%) overestimated their performance; 42% of middle performers and 85% of low performers overestimated their performance. Sites that overestimated tended to have lower annual volumes of tPA administration (median 8.4 patients [25th to 75th percentile 5.9 to 11.8] versus 10.2 patients [25th to 75th percentile 8.2 to 17.3], P=0.047), smaller percentages of eligible patients receiving tPA (84.7% versus 89.8%, P=0.008), and smaller percentages of DTN ≤60 minutes among treated patients (10.6% versus 16.6%, P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Hospitals often overestimate their ability to deliver timely tPA to treated patients. Our findings indicate the need to routinely provide comparative provider performance rates as a key step to improving the quality of acute stroke care.