Browsing by Subject "Sex"

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    Female gonadal hormone effects on microglial activation and functional outcomes in a mouse model of moderate traumatic brain injury.
    (World J Crit Care Med, 2017-05-04) Umeano, Odera; Wang, Haichen; Dawson, Hana; Lei, Beilei; Umeano, Afoma; Kernagis, Dawn; James, Michael L
    AIM: To address the hypothesis that young, gonad-intact female mice have improved long-term recovery associated with decreased neuroinflammation compared to male mice. METHODS: Eight to ten week-old male, female, and ovariectomized (OVX) mice underwent closed cranial impact. Gonad-intact female mice were injured only in estrus state. After injury, between group differences were assessed using complementary immunohistochemical staining for microglial cells at 1 h, mRNA polymerase chain reaction for inflammatory markers at 1 h after injury, Rotarod over days 1-7, and water maze on days 28-31 after injury. RESULTS: Male mice had a greater area of injury (P = 0.0063), F4/80-positive cells (P = 0.032), and up regulation of inflammatory genes compared to female mice. Male and OVX mice had higher mortality after injury when compared to female mice (P = 0.043). No group differences were demonstrated in Rotarod latencies (P = 0.62). OVX mice demonstrated decreased water maze latencies compared to other groups (P = 0.049). CONCLUSION: Differences in mortality, long-term neurological recovery, and markers of neuroinflammation exist between female and male mice after moderate traumatic brain injury (MTBI). Unexpectedly, OVX mice have decreased long term neurological function after MTBI when compared to gonad intact male and female mice. As such, it can be concluded that the presence of female gonadal hormones may influence behavioural outcomes after MTBI, though mechanisms involved are unclear.
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    Retinal and Choroidal Changes in Men Compared with Women with Alzheimer's Disease: A Case-Control Study.
    (Ophthalmology science, 2022-03) Mirzania, Delaram; Thompson, Atalie C; Robbins, Cason B; Soundararajan, Srinath; Lee, Jia Min; Agrawal, Rupesh; Liu, Andy J; Johnson, Kim G; Grewal, Dilraj S; Fekrat, Sharon

    Purpose

    To evaluate differences in the retinal microvasculature and structure and choroidal structure among men and women with Alzheimer's disease (AD) compared with age-matched cognitively normal male and female controls.

    Design

    Case-control study of participants ≥ 50 years of age.

    Participants

    A total of 202 eyes of 139 subjects (101 cases and 101 controls).

    Methods

    All participants and controls underwent OCT and OCT angiography (OCTA), and parameters of subjects with AD were compared with those of cognitively normal controls.

    Main outcome measures

    The foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area, vessel density (VD), and perfusion density (PD) in the superficial capillary plexus within the 3- and 6-mm circle and ring using Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) grid overlay on OCTA; central subfield thickness (CST), retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness, and choroidal vascularity index (CVI) on OCT.

    Results

    No significant sex differences in VD or PD were found in the AD or control cohorts; however, there were greater differences in VD and PD among AD female participants than AD male participants compared with their respective controls. The CST and FAZ area were not different between male and female AD participants. Among controls, men had a thicker CST (P < 0.001) and smaller FAZ area (P = 0.003) compared with women. The RNFL thickness, GCIPL thickness, and CVI were similar among male and female AD participants and controls.

    Conclusions

    There may be a loss of the physiologic sex-related differences in retinal structure and microvasculature in those with AD compared with controls. Further studies are needed to elucidate the pathophysiological basis for these findings.
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