Browsing by Subject "Tradition"
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Item Open Access Adaptation and Tradition in Hellenistic Sacred Laws(2012) Austino, Chad ErikThis dissertation examines the adaptability of civic cults during the Hellenistic period. Faced with shifting populations, increasing social tensions, economic changes, and political pressures, Hellenistic communities devised a number of strategies aimed at negotiating the tension between maintenance of traditional religious practices and adaptive, context-specific change. Through the lens of inscribed Greek sacred laws we see communities balancing the twin requirements of innovation and tradition. The epigraphic record shows significant changes to the choreography of religious experience in response to demographic change; experimentation in funding mechanisms, in what appear to be responses to economic and cultural changes; ambitious attempts to redefine the configuration of sacred space both inside the city and out; savvy rhetorical and ritual framing of innovation in the face of cults that had had failed or else were on the brink of doing so.
Through a series of case studies I elucidate the legislative strategies with which communities dealt with these challenges. In chapter 1, I investigate legal strategies aimed at maintaining traditional oracular procedures as more visitors were coming to iatromantic shrines. I focus on the shrine of Apollo Coropeius in Thessaly where the civic authority at Demetrias passed a law reevaluating the administrative and ritual procedures for consultation. In chapter 2, I analyze the changing obligations of sacred personnel to perform rites in the city at large, i.e. before festivals, in the face of shifting socioeconomic norms. Communities frequently experimented with alternative mechanisms to fund religious activities. A sacred law from Halicarnassus forms the backbone of this analysis. I argue that cultural pressures may have helped shape these mechanisms. Chapter 3 concerns legislative strategies for the reconfiguration of sacred space, particularly the moving or refactoring of sanctuaries. Here I analyze a third-century decree from Tanagra that regulates the transfer of a sanctuary of Demeter and Kore. Other laws, particularly from Anaphe and Peparethus, provide crucial details for the rearrangement of important cult structures. In these cases, we see the concerted efforts to provide for private and public and sacred and secular interests in order to ensure the perpetuation of traditional religious practices. The fourth chapter investigates the reinvention of cult caused by political and ideological interests. Communities employed rhetorical strategies to justify or mask the reinvention or renewal of traditional rites that had lapsed or were on the brink of doing so. I focus on two case studies that illustrate the complexities of legislating ritual reinvention. A second-century Athenian law details the rites for the revived Thargelia whereas a decree from Magnesia-on-the-Maeander details the expansion of the cult of Artemis Leukophryene with a new festival commemorating the goddess' new temple. In both cases, we can see rhetorical strategies of augmentation and renewal reflected in the writings of Anaximines of Lampsacus. The concluding chapter provides a view of the other side of the coin: what happens when communities fail to adapt to the challenges that threatened their cults? Polybius, Pausanias, and Plutarch shed much light on our most pressing questions. For instance, what did failed cults look like? How did Greeks envisage dilapidated sanctuaries and defunct cults? Overall, the case studies based on sacred laws present a Greek view of religious change that finds strength in change, continuity in adaptation, commonality in variation, stability in the shifting sands of historical change. The portrait of Greek religion that emerges from this study is one in which tradition and innovation form two sides of the same coin, rather than opposing forces
Item Open Access Appendix to 'Queen Bees and Domestic Violence: Patrilocal Marriage in Tajikistan'(Economic Research Initiatives at Duke (ERID), 2016-10-31) Becker, CM; Turaeva, MAppendix to “Queen Bees and Domestic Violence: Patrilocal Marriage in Tajikistan,” available here: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2862096.Item Open Access Chieftaincy Reimagined: Modernity and Tradition in the Chefferie of Batoufam, Cameroon(2015-05-02) Grace, JaclynThis thesis uses chieftaincy in Cameroon, and specifically the chefferie (chieftainship) of Batoufam, as a lens through which to understand the complex tensions between modernity and tradition in postcolonial Africa. After presenting a historical study of Grassfield chiefs’ role in the modern Cameroonian state, I analyze the relationship between tradition and modernity through the case study of the chief of Batoufam, Cameroon. My research drew upon several weeks of conducting over twenty-five interviews with village leaders, including the chief and several notables, in order to understand why traditional institutions in African nations are continually excluded from the global development industry. I argue that, not only can traditional institutions produce aspects of Western modernity, but these institutions in Cameroon also utilize liberal and neoliberal practices in the interest of community goals, mobilizing Western strategies for new and different purposes. I conclude that traditional institutions in Africa are not merely reproducing a Western model of modernity, but are in fact reshaping modernity itself through new conceptualizations, forms and applications. These traditional institutions thus present a critical resource for development, suggesting alternate strategies and future realities.Item Open Access Queen Bees and Domestic Violence: Patrilocal Marriage in Tajikistan(Economic Research Initiatives at Duke (ERID), 2016-10-31) Becker, CM; Turaeva, MA longstanding tradition of patrilocal marriage – living with the parents-in-law – affects every generation of Central Asian women and their choices regarding childbearing, employment and education. While anthropological evidence suggests that elder matriarchs (Queen Bees) play a key and often detrimental role in the lives of the junior women in their households, rigorous empirical studies are scarce. We use Tajikistan 2012 DHS data to explore the correlation between domestic violence and young married women’s living arrangements. Through a quasi-experimental study designed, we establish a positive and statistically significant treatment effect. Women who live with the in-law family are at least 24.6% more likely to experience emotional abuse committed by their husbands/partners. A similar effect does not emerge between physical violence, either severe or less severe, and a presence of the Queen Bee in the household.Item Open Access Spoken Scripture: Orality in the Texts and Codifications of Mark and the Qur'an(2012) Qureshi, NabeelThe field of orality studies has provided new perspectives and insights on a vast array of literature, including the Gospel of Mark and the Qur'an. Despite numerous historical and literary parallels between these two works, the enriched perspectives gained by orality studies have not often been brought to bear upon one another. This thesis brings Mark and the Qur'an together under an oral lens with the aim of mutually elucidating intriguing characteristics of both texts. After introducing the field of orality studies and assessing the oral characteristics of both texts, it will be concluded that both Mark and the Qur'an were composed primarily for oral recitation, that the controversial bookends of each work are a result of codifying oral tradition, and that these early texts, once codified, spurred the production of elaborative material within their own traditions.
Item Open Access The Limits of Tradition: Competing Logics of Authenticity in South Asian Islam(2012) Tareen, SherAliThis dissertation is a critical exploration of certain authoritative discursive traditions on the limits of Islam in 19th century North India. It investigates specific moments when prominent Indian Muslim scholars articulated and contested the boundaries of what should and should not count as Islam. This study does not provide a chronological history of Islam in colonial India or that of Indian Muslim reform. Rather, it examines minute conjunctures of native debates and polemics in which the question of what knowledges, beliefs, and practices should constitute Islam was authoritatively contested. Taking 19th century Indian Muslim identity as its object of inquiry, it interrogates how the limits of identity and difference, the normative and the heretical, were battled out in centrally visible ways.
The set of illustrations that form the focus of this dissertation come from an ongoing polemic that erupted among some members of the Muslim intellectual elite in colonial India. At the heart of this polemic was the question of how one should understand the relationship between divine sovereignty, prophetic authority, and the limits of normative practice in everyday life. The rival protagonists of this polemic responded to this question in dramatically contrasting ways. One the one hand was a group of scholars whose conception of tradition pivoted on establishing the exceptionality of divine sovereignty. In order to achieve this task, they articulated an imaginary of Prophet Muhammad that emphasized his humanity and his subservience to the sovereign divine.
They also assailed ritual practices and everyday habits that in their view undermined divine sovereignty or that elevated the Prophet in a way that shed doubts on his humanity. One of the chief architects of this reform project was the early 19th century Indian Muslim thinker, Shâh Muhammad Ismâ`îl (d.1831). His reformist agenda was carried forward in the latter half of the century by the pioneers of the Deoband School, an Islamic seminary cum ideological formation established in the North Indian town of Deoband in 1867. Another group of influential North Indian Muslim scholars sharply challenged this movement of reform.
They argued that divine sovereignty was inseparable from the authority of the Prophet as the most charismatic and authorial being. In their view, divine and prophetic exceptionality mutually reinforced each other. Moreover, undermining the distinguished status of the Prophet by projecting him as a mere human who also happened to be a recipient of divine revelation represented anathema. As a corollary, these scholars vigorously defended rituals and everyday practices that served as a means to honor the Prophet's memory and charisma. This counter reformist movement was spearheaded by the influential Indian Muslim thinker Ahmad Razâ Khân (d.1921). He was the founder of the Barelvî School, another ideological group that flourished in late 19th century North India.
This dissertation describes these rival narratives of tradition and reform in South Asian Islam by focusing on three pivotal questions of doctrinal disagreement: 1) the limits of prophetic intercession (shafâ`at), 2) the limits of heretical innovation (bid`a), and 3) the limits of the Prophet's knowledge of the unknown (`ilm al-ghayb). It argues that these intra-Muslim contestations were animated by competing political theologies each of which generated discrete and competing imaginaries of law and boundaries of ritual practice.