Browsing by Subject "macrophage"

Now showing 1 - 6 of 6
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    Biomaterials-Mediated Regulation of Macrophage Cell Fate.
    (Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology, 2020-01) Liu, Yining; Segura, Tatiana
    Endogenous regeneration aims to rebuild and reinstate tissue function through enlisting natural self-repairing processes. Promoting endogenous regeneration by reducing tissue-damaging inflammatory responses while reinforcing self-resolving inflammatory processes is gaining popularity. In this approach, the immune system is recruited as the principal player to deposit a pro-reparative matrix and secrete pro-regenerative cytokines and growth factors. The natural wound healing cascade involves many immune system players (neutrophils, macrophages, T cells, B cells, etc.) that are likely to play important and indispensable roles in endogenous regeneration. These cells support both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system and collectively orchestrate host responses to tissue damage. As the early responders during the innate immune response, macrophages have been studied for decades in the context of inflammatory and foreign body responses and were often considered a cell type to be avoided. The view on macrophages has evolved and it is now understood that macrophages should be directly engaged, and their phenotype modulated, to guide the timely transition of the immune response and reparative environment. One way to achieve this is to design immunomodulating biomaterials that can be placed where endogenous regeneration is desired and actively direct macrophage polarization. Upon encountering these biomaterials, macrophages are trained to perform more pro-regenerative roles and generate the appropriate environment for later stages of regeneration since they bridge the innate immune response and the adaptive immune response. This new design paradigm necessitates the understanding of how material design elicits differential macrophage phenotype activation. This review is focused on the macrophage-material interaction and how to engineer biomaterials to steer macrophage phenotypes for better tissue regeneration.
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    Elucidating the pathogenesis of adenosine deaminase 2 deficiency: current status and unmet needs
    (Expert opinion on orphan drugs) Tarrant, TK; Kelly, Susan J; Hershfield, Michael S
    Introduction Humans have two adenosine deaminase isozymes, ADA1 and ADA2, which differ in affinity for their substrates, adenosine (Ado) and 2ʹdeoxyadenosine (dAdo), and their localization. Inherited deficiencies of ADA1 and ADA2 compromise different aspects of immune and hematological function. The metabolic consequences of ADA1 deficiency show that its enzymatic (ADA) activity is central to its biological function. By contrast, the function of ADA2 is uncertain and no direct metabolic consequences of the deficiency of ADA2 (DADA2) have yet been identified. Several potential pathogenetic mechanisms related to, or independent of, ADA2 enzymatic activity have been proposed. Areas covered We will review the discovery of ADA2 and DADA2, and two principal hypotheses: that ADA2 regulates the concentration of extracellular Ado and/or that it is a growth factor. We will consider two newer proposals that involve the effects of ADA2 products rather than its substrates, one of which postulates a pathogenic role for elevated levels of ADA2. Expert opinion Some currently proposed mechanisms of DADA2 pathogenesis are controversial or contradictory, and supportive evidence is inadequate. Progress in several areas may clarify the function of ADA2 and facilitate the development of new therapies for DADA2 based on elucidation of its pathogenesis.
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    Elucidating the pathogenesis of adenosine deaminase 2 deficiency: current status and unmet needs
    (Expert Opinion on Orphan Drugs, 2021-12-02) Tarrant, TK; Kelly, SJ; Hershfield, MS
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    Leishmania braziliensis Subverts Necroptosis by Modulating RIPK3 Expression.
    (Frontiers in Microbiology, 2018-01) Luz, Nivea F; Khouri, Ricardo; Van Weyenbergh, Johan; Zanette, Dalila L; Fiuza, Paloma P; Noronha, Almerio; Barral, Aldina; Boaventura, Viviane S; Prates, Deboraci B; Chan, Francis Ka-Ming; Andrade, Bruno B; Borges, Valeria M
    Leishmania braziliensis infection causes skin ulcers, typically found in localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL). This tissue pathology associates with different modalities of cell necrosis, which are subverted by the parasite as a survival strategy. Herein we examined the participation of necroptosis, a specific form of programmed necrosis, in LCL lesions and found reduced RIPK3 and PGAM5 gene expression compared to normal skin. Assays using infected macrophages demonstrated that the parasite deactivates both RIPK3 and MLKL expression and that these molecules are important to control the intracellular L. braziliensis replication. Thus, LCL-related necroptosis may be targeted to control infection and disease immunopathology.
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    Reprint of: Preclinical characterization of DUOC-01, a cell therapy product derived from banked umbilical cord blood for use as an adjuvant to umbilical cord blood transplantation for treatment of inherited metabolic diseases.
    (Cytotherapy, 2015-09) Kurtzberg, Joanne; Buntz, Susan; Gentry, Tracy; Noeldner, Pamela; Ozamiz, April; Rusche, Benjamin; Storms, Robert W; Wollish, Amy; Wenger, David A; Balber, Andrew E

    Background aims

    Cord blood (CB) transplantation slows neurodegeneration during certain inherited metabolic diseases. However, the number of donor cells in the brain of patients does not appear to be sufficient to provide benefit until several months after transplant. We developed the cell product DUOC-01 to provide therapeutic effects in the early post-transplant period.

    Methods

    DUOC-01 cultures initiated from banked CB units were characterized by use of time-lapse photomicroscopy during the 21-day manufacturing process. Antigen expression was measured by means of flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry; transcripts for cytokines and enzymes by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; activities of lysosomal enzymes by direct biochemical analysis; alloreactivity of DUOC-01 and of peripheral blood (PB) mononuclear cells (MNC) to DUOC-01 by mixed lymphocyte culture methods; and cytokine secretion by Bioplex assays.

    Results

    DUOC-01 cultures contained highly active, attached, motile, slowly proliferating cells that expressed common (cluster of differentiation [CD]11b, CD14 and Iba1), M1 type (CD16, inducible nitric oxide synthase), and M2-type (CD163, CD206) macrophage or microglia markers. Activities of 11 disease-relevant lysosomal enzymes in DUOC-01 products were similar to those of normal PB cells. All DUOC-01 products secreted interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10. Accumulation of transforming growth factor-β, IL-1β, interferon-γ and TNF-α in supernatants was variable. IL-12, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 were not detected at significant concentrations. Galactocerebrosidase, transforming growth factor-β and IL-10 transcripts were specifically enriched in DUOC-01 relative to CB cells. PB MNCs proliferated and released cytokines in response to DUOC-01. DUOC-01 did not proliferate in response to mismatched MNC.

    Conclusions

    DUOC-01 has potential as an adjunctive cell therapy to myeloablative CB transplant for treatment of inherited metabolic diseases.
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    The macrophage: Switches from a passenger to a driver during anticancer therapy
    (Oncoimmunology, 2015) Wang, T; Feldman, GM; Herlyn, M; Kaufman, RE
    We have recently discovered that BRAF inhibitors induce potent macrophage responses that confer melanoma resistance to therapy. Our studies lay a foundation for the hypothesis that macrophages switch their role from a passenger to a driver for tumor survival during therapeutic treatment, suggesting that agents that target macrophages can be an important component of "cocktail" anticancer therapy.