Browsing by Subject "microphysiological system"

Now showing 1 - 2 of 2
  • Thumbnail Image
    ItemOpen Access
    An In Vitro Microfluidic Alveolus Model to Study Lung Biomechanics.
    (Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology, 2022-01) Kumar, Vardhman; Madhurakkat Perikamana, Sajeesh Kumar; Tata, Aleksandra; Hoque, Jiaul; Gilpin, Anna; Tata, Purushothama Rao; Varghese, Shyni
    The gas exchange units of the lung, the alveoli, are mechanically active and undergo cyclic deformation during breathing. The epithelial cells that line the alveoli contribute to lung function by reducing surface tension via surfactant secretion, which is highly influenced by the breathing-associated mechanical cues. These spatially heterogeneous mechanical cues have been linked to several physiological and pathophysiological states. Here, we describe the development of a microfluidically assisted lung cell culture model that incorporates heterogeneous cyclic stretching to mimic alveolar respiratory motions. Employing this device, we have examined the effects of respiratory biomechanics (associated with breathing-like movements) and strain heterogeneity on alveolar epithelial cell functions. Furthermore, we have assessed the potential application of this platform to model altered matrix compliance associated with lung pathogenesis and ventilator-induced lung injury. Lung microphysiological platforms incorporating human cells and dynamic biomechanics could serve as an important tool to delineate the role of alveolar micromechanics in physiological and pathological outcomes in the lung.
  • Thumbnail Image
    ItemOpen Access
    Human Vascular Microphysiological Systems for Drug Screening
    (2016) Fernandez, Cristina Elena

    Endothelial dysfunction is the predominant pathophysiological state prior to the onset of atherosclerosis. Currently, treatments for endothelial dysfunction are evaluated in vitro using two-dimensional (2D) cell culture assays or in vivo animal models. Microphysiological systems are small-scale three-dimensional (3D) tissue models that recapitulate the native tissue structure and function. An ideal microphysiological system is comprised of human cells embedded within a 3D matrix introduced to physiological fluid perfusion. Immune challenge in the form of cytokines or immune cells further recapitulates the native microenvironment.

    A vascular microphysiological system was developed from a small-diameter tissue engineered blood vessel (TEBV) in a perfusion culture circuit. TEBVs were created from collagen gels embedded with human neonatal dermal fibroblasts and plastically compressed to yield collagen constructs with high fiber densities. TEBVs are rapidly producible and can be directly introduced into perfusion culture immediately after fabrication. Endothelium-independent vasoconstriction in response to phenylephrine and endothelium-dependent vasodilation in response to acetylcholine were used to analyze the health and function of the endothelium non-destructively over time.

    Endothelial dysfunction was induced through introduction of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor – α (TNF-α). Late-outgrowth endothelial progenitor cells derived from the peripheral blood of coronary artery disease patients (CAD EPCs) were evaluated as a potential endothelial source for autologous implantation in both a two-dimensional (2D) direct co-culture model as well as a 3D model as an endothelial source for a tissue engineered blood vessel. CAD EPCs demonstrated similar adhesive properties to a confluent, quiescent layer of smooth muscle compared to human aortic endothelial cells. Within the TEBV system, CAD EPCs demonstrated the capacity to elicit endothelium-dependent vasodilation. CAD EPCs were compared to adult EPCs from young, healthy volunteers. Both CAD EPCs and healthy volunteer EPCs demonstrated similar endothelium-dependent vasoactivity in response to acetylcholine; however, in response to TNF-α, CAD EPCs demonstrated a reduced response to phenylephrine at high doses.

    The treatment of TEBVs with statins was explored to model the drug response within the system. TEBVs were treated with lovastatin, atorvastatin, and rosuvastatin for three days prior to exposure to TNF-α. In all three cases, statins prevented TNF-α induced vasoconstriction in response to acetylcholine within the TEBVs, compared to TEBVs not treated with statins. Overall, this work characterizes and validates a novel vascular microphysiological system that can be tested in situ in order to determine the effects of various patient populations and drugs on endothelial health and function under healthy and inflammatory conditions.