Browsing by Subject "research ethics"

Now showing 1 - 6 of 6
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    Attitudes toward text recycling in academic writing across disciplines.
    (Accountability in research, 2018-01) Hall, Susanne; Moskovitz, Cary; Pemberton, Michael A
    Text recycling, the reuse of material from one's own previously published writing in a new text without attribution, is a common academic writing practice that is not yet well understood. While some studies of text recycling in academic writing have been published, no previous study has focused on scholars' attitudes toward text recycling. This article presents results from a survey of over 300 journal editors and editorial board members from 86 top English-language journals in 16 different academic fields regarding text recycling in scholarly articles. Responses indicate that a large majority of academic gatekeepers believe text recycling is allowable in some circumstances; however, there is a lack of clear consensus about when text recycling is or is not appropriate. Opinions varied according to the source of the recycled material, its structural location and rhetorical purpose, and conditions of authorship conditions-as well as by the level of experience as a journal editor. Our study suggests the need for further research on text recycling utilizing focus groups and interviews.
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    In-Home Passive Sensor Data Collection and Its Implications for Social Media Research: Perspectives of Community Women in Rural South Africa.
    (Journal of empirical research on human research ethics : JERHRE, 2019-10-21) van Heerden, Alastair; Wassenaar, Doug; Essack, Zaynab; Vilakazi, Khanya; Kohrt, Brandon A
    There has been a recent increase in debates on the ethics of social media research, passive sensor data collection, and big data analytics. However, little evidence exists to describe how people experience and understand these applications of technology. This study aimed to passively collect data from mobile phone sensors, lapel cameras, and Bluetooth beacons to assess people's understanding and acceptance of these technologies. Seven households were purposefully sampled and data collected for 10 days. The study generated 48 hr of audio data and 30,000 images. After participant review, the data were destroyed and in-depth interviews conducted. Participants found the data collected acceptable and reported willingness to participate in similar studies. Key risks included that the camera could capture nudity and sex acts, but family review of footage before sharing helped reduce concerns. The Emanuel et al. ethics framework was found to accommodate the concerns and perspectives of study participants.
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    Post-trial responsibilities in pragmatic clinical trials: Fulfilling the promise of research to drive real-world change
    (Learning Health Systems, 2024-01-01) Morain, Stephanie R; O'Rourke, P Pearl; Ali, Joseph; Rahimzadeh, Vasiliki; Check, Devon K; Bosworth, Hayden B; Sugarman, Jeremy
    While considerable scholarship has explored responsibilities owed to research participants at the conclusion of explanatory clinical trials, no guidance exists regarding responsibilities owed at the conclusion of a pragmatic clinical trial (PCT). Yet post-trial responsibilities in PCTs present distinct considerations from those emphasized in existing guidance and prior scholarship. Among these considerations include the responsibilities of the healthcare delivery systems in which PCTs are embedded, and decisions about implementation for interventions that demonstrate meaningful benefit following their integration into usual care settings—or deimplementation for those that fail to do so. In this article, we present an overview of prior scholarship and guidance on post-trial responsibilities, and then identify challenges for post-trial responsibilities for PCTs. We argue that, given one of the key rationales for PCTs is that they can facilitate uptake of their results by relevant decision-makers, there should be a presumptive default that PCT study results be incorporated into future care delivery processes. Fulfilling this responsibility will require prospective planning by researchers, healthcare delivery system leaders, institutional review boards, and sponsors, so as to ensure that the knowledge gained from PCTs does, in fact, influence real-world practice.
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    See You Never: Exclusion in Electroencephalography and Neurotechnology
    (2023) Wilson, Victoria

    Electroencephalography (EEG), a neuroscience method which requires sustained access to the scalp and hair, has many clinical and research applications. It is an essential feature of the rapidly growing consumer neurotechnology market. Neuroethicists have criticized EEG for being unaccommodating to phenotypic differences in hair type - a flaw which contributes to the systematic exclusion of minority groups from research. This exclusion legitimizes concerns about the generalizability of EEG research and effectiveness of EEG-based technologies. The following report employs a review of the most current literature across neuroscience, ethics, and technology publication sources to demonstrate how exclusion EEG research creates gaps in theoretical knowledge that disproportionately impact minorities and have profound implications for medical and consumer products. This paper summarizes the many applications of EEG and examines the impact of exclusion on EEG-based research and technology development. It outlines the risks of maintaining exclusion and provides policy recommendations for how to mitigate those risks by prioritizing inclusion in research methods.

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    Text recycling in STEM: A text-analytic study of recently published research articles.
    (Accountability in research, 2020-11-24) Anson, Ian G; Moskovitz, Cary
    Text recycling, sometimes called "self-plagiarism," is the reuse of material from one's own existing documents in a newly created work. Over the past decade, text recycling has become an increasingly debated practice in research ethics, especially in science and technology fields. Little is known, however, about researchers' actual text recycling practices. We report here on a computational analysis of text recycling in published research articles in STEM disciplines. Using a tool we created in R, we analyze a corpus of 400 published articles from 80 federally funded research projects across eight disciplinary clusters. According to our analysis, STEM research groups frequently recycle some material from their previously published articles. On average, papers in our corpus contained about three recycled sentences per article, though a minority of research teams (around 15%) recycled substantially more content. These findings were generally consistent across STEM disciplines. We also find evidence that researchers superficially alter recycled prose much more often than recycling it verbatim. Based on our findings, which suggest that recycling some amount of material is normative in STEM research writing, researchers and editors would benefit from more appropriate and explicit guidance about what constitutes legitimate practice and how authors should report the presence of recycled material.
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    The Challenge of Community Representation.
    (J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics, 2016-10) Lawrence, Carlton; Stewart, Kearsley
    Although community advisory boards (CABs) are widely used in clinical research, there is limited data regarding their composition and structure, especially in Africa. Our research provides the first qualitative study of the membership practices, selection methods, and qualifications of the six major HIV research centers that comprise the Ugandan National CAB Network (UNCN). Researchers conducted interviews ( n = 45) with CAB members and research liaisons at each of the sites. While selection practices and demographics varied between the sites, all six CABs exclusively followed a broad community membership model. Results suggest successful CABs are context dependent and thus distinct guidelines may be needed based on variables including CAB funding level, representation model, and research focus.