Browsing by Subject "surveillance"

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    Common data model for sickle cell disease surveillance: considerations and implications.
    (JAMIA open, 2023-07) Smeltzer, Matthew P; Reeves, Sarah L; Cooper, William O; Attell, Brandon K; Strouse, John J; Takemoto, Clifford M; Kanter, Julie; Latta, Krista; Plaxco, Allison P; Davis, Robert L; Hatch, Daniel; Reyes, Camila; Dombkowski, Kevin; Snyder, Angela; Paulukonis, Susan; Singh, Ashima; Kayle, Mariam

    Objective

    Population-level data on sickle cell disease (SCD) are sparse in the United States. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is addressing the need for SCD surveillance through state-level Sickle Cell Data Collection Programs (SCDC). The SCDC developed a pilot common informatics infrastructure to standardize processes across states.

    Materials and methods

    We describe the process for establishing and maintaining the proposed common informatics infrastructure for a rare disease, starting with a common data model and identify key data elements for public health SCD reporting.

    Results

    The proposed model is constructed to allow pooling of table shells across states for comparison. Core Surveillance Data reports are compiled based on aggregate data provided by states to CDC annually.

    Discussion and conclusion

    We successfully implemented a pilot SCDC common informatics infrastructure to strengthen our distributed data network and provide a blueprint for similar initiatives in other rare diseases.
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    Discriminación y colonialidad en la visión algorítmica. Abordajes artísticos para una revisión crítica de la clasificación de personas
    (Revista 180, 2021-12-31) Idarraga franco, Hugo
    A la luz de propuestas artísticas con medios digitales y, específicamente, con inteligencia artificial, en este artículo se analiza críticamente la discriminación de personas en modelos de aprendizaje de máquinas; en particular, en aquellos modelos de clasificación diseñados para cumplir tareas de vigilancia y control social. Para ello, se propondrá en primer lugar que, según una versión filosófica del objetivismo, distintos modelos algorítmicos pretenden clasificar “objetivamente” a las personas en función de sus rasgos corporales, vinculándolas con perfiles psicológicos y de comportamiento. La dudosa relación que aquí se cuestionará es aquella que se basa en rasgos visibles y características invisibles de las personas, forjada por una mirada colonial que se reproduce actualmente en el funcionamiento de la visión algorítmica. En segundo lugar, se afirmará que esta discriminación se materializa en el mismo diseño de los modelos de clasificación. Por un lado, se abordará la importancia de la estadística para el funcionamiento del aprendizaje de máquinas en la perspectiva de sus relaciones históricas con prácticas policiales de vigilancia y control social; y, en segundo lugar, se analizará cómo aquella mirada colonial se reproduce en los conjuntos de datos y en los nombres de las categorías bajo las cuales las imágenes son etiquetadas y clasificadas, determinando así la realidad percibida algorítmicamente por estos modelos de clasificación.
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    Global Trends in Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever
    (2010) Crump, John A; Mintz, Eric D
    Typhoid and paratyphoid fever continue to be important causes of illness and death, particularly among children and adolescents in south-central and Southeast Asia, where enteric fever is associated with poor sanitation and unsafe food and water. High-quality incidence data from Asia are underpinning efforts to expand access to typhoid vaccines. Efforts are underway to develop vaccines that are immunogenic in infants after a single dose and that can be produced locally in countries of endemicity. The growing importance of Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A in Asia is concerning. Antimicrobial resistance has sequentially emerged to traditional first-line drugs, fluoroquinolones, and third-generation cephalosporins, posing patient treatment challenges. Azithromycin has proven to be an effective alternative for treatment of uncomplicated typhoid fever. The availability of full genome sequences for S. enterica serotype Typhi and S. enterica serotype Paratyphi A confirms their place as monomorphic, human-adapted pathogens vulnerable to control measures if international efforts can be redoubled.
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    The Typhoid Fever Surveillance in Africa Program (TSAP): Clinical, Diagnostic, and Epidemiological Methodologies.
    (Clin Infect Dis, 2016-03-15) von Kalckreuth, Vera; Konings, Frank; Aaby, Peter; Adu-Sarkodie, Yaw; Ali, Mohammad; Aseffa, Abraham; Baker, Stephen; Breiman, Robert F; Bjerregaard-Andersen, Morten; Clemens, John D; Crump, John A; Cruz Espinoza, Ligia Maria; Deerin, Jessica Fung; Gasmelseed, Nagla; Sow, Amy Gassama; Im, Justin; Keddy, Karen H; Cosmas, Leonard; May, Jürgen; Meyer, Christian G; Mintz, Eric D; Montgomery, Joel M; Olack, Beatrice; Pak, Gi Deok; Panzner, Ursula; Park, Se Eun; Rakotozandrindrainy, Raphaël; Schütt-Gerowitt, Heidi; Soura, Abdramane Bassiahi; Warren, Michelle R; Wierzba, Thomas F; Marks, Florian
    BACKGROUND: New immunization programs are dependent on data from surveillance networks and disease burden estimates to prioritize target areas and risk groups. Data regarding invasive Salmonella disease in sub-Saharan Africa are currently limited, thus hindering the implementation of preventive measures. The Typhoid Fever Surveillance in Africa Program (TSAP) was established by the International Vaccine Institute to obtain comparable incidence data on typhoid fever and invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease in sub-Saharan Africa through standardized surveillance in multiple countries. METHODS: Standardized procedures were developed and deployed across sites for study site selection, patient enrolment, laboratory procedures, quality control and quality assurance, assessment of healthcare utilization and incidence calculations. RESULTS: Passive surveillance for bloodstream infections among febrile patients was initiated at thirteen sentinel sites in ten countries (Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Madagascar, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania). Each TSAP site conducted case detection using these standardized methods to isolate and identify aerobic bacteria from the bloodstream of febrile patients. Healthcare utilization surveys were conducted to adjust population denominators in incidence calculations for differing healthcare utilization patterns and improve comparability of incidence rates across sites. CONCLUSIONS: By providing standardized data on the incidence of typhoid fever and iNTS disease in sub-Saharan Africa, TSAP will provide vital input for targeted typhoid fever prevention programs.