Browsing by Subject "virtual reality"

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Open Access
Augmented Reality in Spine Surgery Narrative Review: Seeing is Believing
(Operative Techniques in Orthopaedics, 2023-12-01) Charles, AJ; Luo, E; Arango, A; Rowe, D; Goodwin, CR; Erickson, MM
In recent years, augmented reality (AR) has emerged as a promising technology in spine surgery. Its benefits are numerous, including enhanced surgical accuracy, improved anatomic approximation, and uninterrupted visualization. It has proven particularly valuable in spinal fusion, allowing for meticulous planning of screw trajectories and precise alignment of screws, plates, and implants, resulting in low complication rates. Additionally, AR reduces radiation exposure by minimizing the need for intraoperative fluoroscopy. The technology has also been utilized for surgical education and training, enabling real-time feedback through telementoring. However, challenges exist. Discomfort and wearability issues are reported with current AR models, and the need for 3D image rendering prolongs procedure time. Accuracy is compromised in patients with larger body habitus, necessitating improvements in calibration to individual anatomies. Cost is another significant challenge as it requires advanced imaging capabilities in operating rooms, along with expenses for AR hardware, software, training, and personnel. Ongoing research is necessary to evaluate the sustained benefits and potential complications of AR in spine surgery. While AR demonstrates advantages in terms of patient outcomes and surgical accuracy, continued optimization is essential to enhance accessibility and success in spine surgery and orthopaedic surgery as a whole.
Open Access
Revealing context-specific conditioned fear memories with full immersion virtual reality.
(Front Behav Neurosci, 2011) Huff, Nicole C; Hernandez, Jose Alba; Fecteau, Matthew E; Zielinski, David J; Brady, Rachael; Labar, Kevin S
The extinction of conditioned fear is known to be context-specific and is often considered more contextually bound than the fear memory itself (Bouton, 2004). Yet, recent findings in rodents have challenged the notion that contextual fear retention is initially generalized. The context-specificity of a cued fear memory to the learning context has not been addressed in the human literature largely due to limitations in methodology. Here we adapt a novel technology to test the context-specificity of cued fear conditioning using full immersion 3-D virtual reality (VR). During acquisition training, healthy participants navigated through virtual environments containing dynamic snake and spider conditioned stimuli (CSs), one of which was paired with electrical wrist stimulation. During a 24-h delayed retention test, one group returned to the same context as acquisition training whereas another group experienced the CSs in a novel context. Unconditioned stimulus expectancy ratings were assayed on-line during fear acquisition as an index of contingency awareness. Skin conductance responses time-locked to CS onset were the dependent measure of cued fear, and skin conductance levels during the interstimulus interval were an index of context fear. Findings indicate that early in acquisition training, participants express contingency awareness as well as differential contextual fear, whereas differential cued fear emerged later in acquisition. During the retention test, differential cued fear retention was enhanced in the group who returned to the same context as acquisition training relative to the context shift group. The results extend recent rodent work to illustrate differences in cued and context fear acquisition and the contextual specificity of recent fear memories. Findings support the use of full immersion VR as a novel tool in cognitive neuroscience to bridge rodent models of contextual phenomena underlying human clinical disorders.