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Exhausted CD8 T cells downregulate the IL-18 receptor and become unresponsive to inflammatory cytokines and bacterial co-infections.

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Date
2011-09
Authors
Ingram, Jennifer T
Yi, John S
Zajac, Allan J
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Abstract
During many chronic infections virus-specific CD8 T cells succumb to exhaustion as they lose their ability to respond to antigenic activation. Combinations of IL-12, IL-18, and IL-21 have been shown to induce the antigen-independent production of interferon (IFN)-γ by effector and memory CD8 T cells. In this study we investigated whether exhausted CD8 T cells are sensitive to activation by these cytokines. We show that effector and memory, but not exhausted, CD8 T cells produce IFN-γ and upregulate CD25 following exposure to certain combinations of IL-12, IL-18, and IL-21. The unresponsiveness of exhausted CD8 T cells is associated with downregulation of the IL-18-receptor-α (IL-18Rα). Although IL-18Rα expression is connected with the ability of memory CD8 T cells to self-renew and efflux rhodamine 123, the IL-18Rα(lo) exhausted cells remained capable of secreting this dye. To further evaluate the consequences of IL-18Rα downregulation, we tracked the fate of IL-18Rα-deficient CD8 T cells in chronically infected mixed bone marrow chimeras and discovered that IL-18Rα affects the initial but not later phases of the response. The antigen-independent responsiveness of exhausted CD8 T cells was also investigated following co-infection with Listeria monocytogenes, which induces the expression of IL-12 and IL-18. Although IL-18Rα(hi) memory cells upregulated CD25 and produced IFN-γ, the IL-18Rα(lo) exhausted cells failed to respond. Collectively, these findings indicate that as exhausted T cells adjust to the chronically infected environment, they lose their susceptibility to antigen-independent activation by cytokines, which compromises their ability to detect bacterial co-infections.
Type
Journal article
Subject
Animals
CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes
Cytokines
Down-Regulation
Inflammation Mediators
Interleukin-18 Receptor alpha Subunit
Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit
Listeria monocytogenes
Listeriosis
Mice
Mice, Knockout
Permalink
https://hdl.handle.net/10161/10220
Published Version (Please cite this version)
10.1371/journal.ppat.1002273
Publication Info
Ingram, Jennifer T; Yi, John S; & Zajac, Allan J (2011). Exhausted CD8 T cells downregulate the IL-18 receptor and become unresponsive to inflammatory cytokines and bacterial co-infections. PLoS Pathog, 7(9). pp. e1002273. 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002273. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/10161/10220.
This is constructed from limited available data and may be imprecise. To cite this article, please review & use the official citation provided by the journal.
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Scholars@Duke

Yi

John S Yi

Adjunct Assistant Professor in the Department of Surgery
I am an immunologist, with a focus to characterize the immune system in response to infectious and non-infectious diseases including cancer, HIV, autoimmune disease, and transplantation. My goals are to identify novel biomarkers/immune signatures that clinicians can utilize to diagnosis, predict disease outcomes, and determine patients' response to treatment. 
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