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Leptospirosis and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection among febrile inpatients in northern Tanzania.

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Date
2013-08
Authors
Biggs, Holly M
Galloway, Renee L
Bui, Duy M
Morrissey, Annie B
Maro, Venance P
Crump, John A
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Abstract
BACKGROUND: Leptospirosis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are prevalent in many areas, including northern Tanzania, yet little is known about their interaction. METHODS: We enrolled febrile inpatients at two hospitals in Moshi, Tanzania, over 1 year and performed HIV antibody testing and the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for leptospirosis. Confirmed leptospirosis was defined as ≥ four-fold rise in MAT titer between acute and convalescent serum samples, and probable leptospirosis was defined as any reciprocal MAT titer ≥ 800. RESULTS: Confirmed or probable leptospirosis was found in 70 (8.4%) of 831 participants with at least one serum sample tested. At total of 823 (99.0%) of 831 participants had HIV testing performed, and 203 (24.7%) were HIV infected. Among HIV-infected participants, 9 (4.4%) of 203 had confirmed or probable leptospirosis, whereas among HIV-uninfected participants 61 (9.8%) of 620 had leptospirosis. Leptospirosis was less prevalent among HIV-infected as compared to HIV-uninfected participants [odds ratio (OR) 0.43, p=0.019]. Among those with leptospirosis, HIV-infected patients more commonly presented with features of severe sepsis syndrome than HIV-uninfected patients, but differences were not statistically significant. Among HIV-infected patients, severe immunosuppression was not significantly different between those with and without leptospirosis (p=0.476). Among HIV-infected adolescents and adults, median CD4 percent and median CD4 count were higher among those with leptospirosis as compared to those with other etiologies of febrile illness, but differences in CD4 count did not reach statistical significance (p=0.015 and p=0.089, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Among febrile inpatients in northern Tanzania, leptospirosis was not more prevalent among HIV-infected patients. Although some indicators of leptospirosis severity were more common among HIV-infected patients, a statistically significant difference was not demonstrated. Among HIV-infected patients, those with leptospirosis were not more immunosuppressed relative to those with other etiologies of febrile illness.
Type
Journal article
Subject
Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Animals
Antibodies, Bacterial
Antibodies, Viral
Child
Child, Preschool
Coinfection
Female
Fever
HIV Infections
HIV-1
HIV-2
Humans
Infant
Inpatients
Leptospira
Leptospirosis
Male
Middle Aged
Tanzania
Young Adult
Permalink
https://hdl.handle.net/10161/13780
Published Version (Please cite this version)
10.1089/vbz.2012.1205
Publication Info
Biggs, Holly M; Galloway, Renee L; Bui, Duy M; Morrissey, Annie B; Maro, Venance P; & Crump, John A (2013). Leptospirosis and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection among febrile inpatients in northern Tanzania. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis, 13(8). pp. 572-580. 10.1089/vbz.2012.1205. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/10161/13780.
This is constructed from limited available data and may be imprecise. To cite this article, please review & use the official citation provided by the journal.
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Scholars@Duke

Crump

John Andrew Crump

Adjunct Professor in the Department of Medicine
I am based in northern Tanzania where I am Site Leader for Duke University’s collaborative research program based at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre and Director of Tanzania Operations for the Duke Global Health Institute. I oversee the design and implementation of research studies on infectious diseases, particularly febrile illness, invasive bacterial disease, HIV-associated opportunistic infections, clinical trials of antiretroviral therapy and prevention of mother-to-child tr
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