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Discordance in Grading Methods of Aortic Stenosis by Pre-Cardiopulmonary Bypass Transesophageal Echocardiography.

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Date
2016-04
Authors
Whitener, George
McKenzie, Jeff
Akushevich, Igor
White, William D
Dhakal, Ishwori B
Nicoara, Alina
Swaminathan, Madhav
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Abstract
BACKGROUND: Current guidelines define severe aortic valve stenosis (AS) as an aortic valve area (AVA) ≤1.0 cm by the continuity equation and mean gradient (ΔPm) ≥ 40 mm Hg. However, these measurements can be discordant when classifying AS severity. Approximately one-third of patients with normal ejection fraction and severe AS by AVA have nonsevere AS by ΔPm when measured by preoperative transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). Given the use of positive pressure ventilation and general anesthesia in the pre-cardiopulmonary bypass (pre-CPB) period, we hypothesized that discordance between ΔPm and AVA during pre-CPB transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) would be higher than previously reported by TTE. METHODS: We retrospectively examined pre-CPB TEE data for patients who had aortic valve replacement, with or without coronary artery bypass grafting, from 2000 to 2012. Patients were excluded if they had ejection fraction <55%, emergency surgery, repeat sternotomy, moderate or severe mitral regurgitation, or severe aortic regurgitation. Only patients with both pre-CPB AVA and ΔPm measurements were included. Patients were grouped according to severity (mild, moderate, and severe) by AVA or ΔPm. Discordance was defined as disagreement between severities based on either parameter. RESULTS: A total of 277 patients met inclusion criteria. There were 227 patients with AVA ≤ 1.0 cm. The proportion of these patients with a ΔPm < 40 mm Hg was 54% (95% confidence interval, 47%-61%). The rate of discordance was significantly higher than the rate (37%; P < 0.001) found in previously reported analyses using TTE. Of the patients with a ΔPm ≥ 40 mm Hg, only 8% (n = 9/113) had a discordant AVA. In contrast, of the patients with ΔPm < 40 mm Hg, 80% (n = 131/164) had a discordant AVA. CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed our hypothesis that grading AS by ΔPm and AVA during pre-CPB TEE exhibits higher discordance than reported for TTE by others. It remains unclear whether these discrepancies reflect the effect of general anesthesia, imaging modality (TTE versus TEE) differences, inaccuracies in AS grading cutoffs when applied to pre-CPB TEE, or selection bias of the surgical population.
Type
Journal article
Subject
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Aortic Valve Stenosis
Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Echocardiography, Transesophageal
Female
Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Retrospective Studies
Permalink
https://hdl.handle.net/10161/14814
Published Version (Please cite this version)
10.1213/ANE.0000000000001099
Publication Info
Whitener, George; McKenzie, Jeff; Akushevich, Igor; White, William D; Dhakal, Ishwori B; Nicoara, Alina; & Swaminathan, Madhav (2016). Discordance in Grading Methods of Aortic Stenosis by Pre-Cardiopulmonary Bypass Transesophageal Echocardiography. Anesth Analg, 122(4). pp. 953-958. 10.1213/ANE.0000000000001099. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/10161/14814.
This is constructed from limited available data and may be imprecise. To cite this article, please review & use the official citation provided by the journal.
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Scholars@Duke

Igor Akushevich

Research Professor in the Social Science Research Institute
Nicoara

Alina Nicoara

Associate Professor in Anesthesiology
Swaminathan

Madhav Swaminathan

Professor of Anesthesiology
My overall goal is to elucidate mechanisms of and risk factors for perioperative acute kidney injury in patients undergoing heart surgery with emphasis the role of early recovery of kidney function. A special area of interest is the phenomenon of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. We have successfully developed an algorithm to help simplify the detection of diastolic dysfunction using echocardiography during heart surgery. A future goal is to explore interventions that help prevent or reduc
Alphabetical list of authors with Scholars@Duke profiles.
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