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<p>Urbanization in the global south has made the relationship between ethnic proximity
and politics increasingly important. The literature mainly studies either the social
or the political effects of proximity, without distinguishing between them or exploring
their relationship to one another. I reconcile the two sides of this literature by
developing a theory about the relationship between the social and the political consequences
of ethnic proximity. To measure heterogeneity and proximity in dynamic and data-poor
urban environments, I develop novel measurements of individual outgroup exposure and
neighborhood-level segregation. To test my theory, I apply the exposure metric to
original data from slums in three Indian cities, and find support for my claim that
proximity has distinct effects on social and political relations between groups. I
then explore the relationship between neighborhood-level collective action and social
mobility. I find that collective political mobilization has a substantial impact on
lived outcomes, through the mechanism of services.</p>
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