How to protect half of Earth to ensure it protects sufficient biodiversity.
Abstract
It is theoretically possible to protect large fractions of species in relatively small
regions. For plants, 85% of species occur entirely within just over a third of the
Earth's land surface, carefully optimized to maximize the species captured. Well-known
vertebrate taxa show similar patterns. Protecting half of Earth might not be necessary,
but would it be sufficient given the current trends of protection? The predilection
of national governments is to protect areas that are "wild," that is, typically remote,
cold, or arid. Unfortunately, those areas often hold relatively few species. Wild
places likely afford the easier opportunities for the future expansion of protected
areas, with the expansion into human-dominated landscapes the greater challenge. We
identify regions that are not currently protected, but that are wild, and consider
which of them hold substantial numbers of especially small-ranged vertebrate species.
We assess how successful the strategy of protecting the wilder half of Earth might
be in conserving biodiversity. It is far from sufficient. (Protecting large wild places
for reasons other than biodiversity protection, such as carbon sequestration and other
ecosystem services, might still have importance.) Unexpectedly, we also show that,
despite the bias in establishing large protected areas in wild places to date, numerous
small protected areas are in biodiverse places. They at least partially protect significant
fractions of especially small-ranged species. So, while a preoccupation with protecting
large areas for the sake of getting half of Earth might achieve little for biodiversity,
there is more progress in protecting high-biodiversity areas than currently appreciated.
Continuing to prioritize the right parts of Earth, not just the total area protected,
is what matters for biodiversity.
Type
Journal articleSubject
AnimalsBirds
Mammals
Humans
Conservation of Natural Resources
Ecosystem
Biodiversity
Population Density
Geography
Amphibians
Plant Development
Earth, Planet
Permalink
https://hdl.handle.net/10161/23526Published Version (Please cite this version)
10.1126/sciadv.aat2616Publication Info
Pimm, Stuart L; Jenkins, Clinton N; & Li, Binbin V (2018). How to protect half of Earth to ensure it protects sufficient biodiversity. Science advances, 4(8). pp. eaat2616. 10.1126/sciadv.aat2616. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/10161/23526.This is constructed from limited available data and may be imprecise. To cite this
article, please review & use the official citation provided by the journal.
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Binbin Li
Assistant Professor of Environmental Science at Duke Kunshan University
Dr. Binbin Li is the Assistant Professor of Environmental Sciences of the Environmental
Research Center at Duke Kunshan University. She holds a secondary appointment with
Nicholas School of the Environment at Duke University. Her research focuses on loss
of biodiversity, endangered and endemic species conservation such as giant pandas,
priority setting and management of protected areas, and promotion of innovative technology,
markets and policies to solve conservation problems and local commu
Stuart L. Pimm
Doris Duke Distinguished Professor of Conservation Ecology in the Nicholas School
of the Environment and Earth Sciences
Stuart Pimm is a world leader in the study of present-day extinctions and what can
be done to prevent them. His research covers the reasons why species become extinct,
how fast they do so, the global patterns of habitat loss and species extinction and,
importantly, the management consequences of this research. Pimm received his BSc degree
from Oxford University in 1971 and his Ph.D. from New Mexico State University in 1974.
Pimm is the author of over 350 scientific papers and five books. He i
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