Salmonella Suppress Innate Immunity by Targeting Mast Cells

Abstract

<p>Mast cells (MCs) are increasingly recognized as powerful sentinel cells responsible for modulating the early immune responses to a wide range of infectious agents. This protective role is attributable in part to their preponderance at the host-environment interface and their innate capacity to rapidly release modulators of immune cell trafficking which promotes the early recruitment of pathogen-clearing immune cells from the blood. However, host-adapted pathogens had been a critical threat to human for a long time because they have evolved mechanisms directed at overcoming protective immunity. </p><p>In this work, we outline <italic>Salmonella enterica</italic> serovar Typhimurium has evolved a novel mechanism to inactivate peripheral MCs resulting in limited neutrophil responses at infection sites in early stage of infection. Because of the delay in bacterial clearance at the point of entry, <italic>Salmonella</italic> are able to multiply and rapidly disseminate to distal sites. Suppression of local MCs' degranulation restricted outflow of vascular contents into infection sites, thus facilitating bacterial spread. </p><p>We discover MC suppression is mediated by the Salmonella Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (SptP), which shares structural homology with <italic>Yersinia</italic> YopH. Interestingly, SptP, not only shares homology with phosphatases found in MCs, they are also homologous to YopH an effector protein expressed by plague causing <italic>Yersinia pestis</italic>. We show that YopH had MC suppressing abilities as SptP suggesting that this activity is shared among some of the more virulent bacterial pathogens. The functionally relevant domain in SptP is its enzymatic site and that it works by dephosphorylating the vesicle fusion protein N-ethylmalemide-sensitive factor (NSF) and by blocking phosphorylation of Syk, which is located in downstream and upstream of tyrosine phosphorylation signaling pathway in MCs. </p><p>Without SptP, orally challenged <italic>S.</italic> Typhimurium failed to suppress MC degranulation and exhibited limited colonization of the mesenteric lymph nodes. Administration of SptP to sites of Escherichia coli infection markedly enhanced its virulence. Thus, SptP-mediated inactivation of local MCs is a powerful mechanism utilized by <italic>S.</italic> Typhimurium to impede early innate immunity. This finding provides a logical explanation for why previous attempts by others to demonstrate a protective role for MCs against <italic>Salmonella</italic> infections have resulted in equivocal results. </p><p>Taken together, this work highlights an overlooked virulence mechanism possessed by certain host adapted pathogens to avoid the host's innate immune system. Additionally, this innate immune-quelling property of SptP may hold future promise in tempering harmful inflammatory disorders in the body of an immune competent host.</p>