Integrating Contaminant Source Indicators, Water Quality Measures, and Ecotoxicity to Characterize Contaminant Mixtures and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance (PFAS) Variability in an Urban Watershed.
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2025-07
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Thousands of chemical contaminants threaten watersheds but are time and cost prohibitive to monitor. Identifying their sources, transport, and ecological risk is limited in heterogeneous urban watersheds. We present an integrative watershed approach using source-specific indicator compounds, common water quality measures, and ecotoxicity assays to examine the distribution of contaminant mixtures in an urbanized watershed. Indicator compound concentrations were temporally and spatially distributed for treated/untreated sewage (sucralose, artificial sweetener), road runoff (diphenyl-guanidine [DPG] and 6PPD-quinone [6PPD-Q], automobile tire additives), and lawncare runoff (aminomethanephosphonic acid (AMPA), major degradant of the herbicide glyphosate). Sucralose was predominately sourced from treated wastewater; measurable concentrations in tributaries indicated raw sewage inputs. DPG and 6PPD-Q concentrations correlated to road density during base flow and were elevated during stormflow. AMPA was measurable spring through fall, especially where lawns were dense. When specific sources dominated flow, water quality measures correlated with wastewater (sulfate, potassium, chloride, and sodium) and road runoff (chromium and lead) indicators. The limited behavioral toxicity observed in exposed zebrafish (Danio rerio) (18%) was not well explained by source-indicators. PFAS concentrations were highly variable spatially but not well explained by our source-specific indicator compounds. More costly compound-specific monitoring may be necessary when multiple sources exist or when unexpected toxicity trends occur.
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Behrens, Jonathan R, Abigail S Joyce, P Lee Ferguson, Dana W Kolpin, Nishad Jayasundara, Nadia Barbo and Emily S Bernhardt (2025). Integrating Contaminant Source Indicators, Water Quality Measures, and Ecotoxicity to Characterize Contaminant Mixtures and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance (PFAS) Variability in an Urban Watershed. Environmental science & technology, 59(27). pp. 13958–13969. 10.1021/acs.est.4c14607 Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/10161/34297.
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P. Lee Ferguson
Dr. Ferguson is an Environmental Analytical Chemist who joined Duke in 2009 after six years as an assistant professor in the Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry at the University of South Carolina.
Research in the Ferguson laboratory is focused on development and application of analytical methods for measuring organic pollutants in the environment. Specifically, a major thrust of research in the lab involves the application of high resolution mass spectrometry to detect, identify, and quantify emerging contaminants in wastewater and drinking water. His recent work has centered on the development of non-targeted analysis workflows and methods, assessment of polyfluorinated alkyl substances in water and wastewater, and leaching and bioaccessibility of polymer-associated chemicals from microplastic particles in the aquatic environment. He has published over 100 peer-reviewed chapters and journal articles, serves on advisory councils for several organizations focused on emerging pollutants in the environment, and has testified before the U.S. Senate on environmental health concerns related to nanotechnology. In North Carolina, he helped lead the formation of the NC PFAS Testing Network to assess statewide drinking water contamination from PFAS chemicals.
Nishad Jayasundara
Dr. Jayasundara studies adverse human and ecological health outcomes of anthropogenic environmental change, primarily emphasizing studies on environmental drivers of kidney development and health. Of particular interest are aquatic contaminants in natural streams and the drinking water and the role of heat stress as an effect modifier. Ongoing projects in the laboratory aim to
1. Determine interactive effects of agrochemicals on kidney mitochondrial function in the context of chronic kidney disease epidemic in agricultural communities by integrating on environmental epidemiology and mechanistic toxicology studies.
2. Examine mitochondrial responses to acute and chronic heat exposure during organismal development and linking to later-life metabolic consequences
3. Elucidate the role of genetic, epigenetic, and gut microbiome shifts associated with evolved resistance to chemical pollutants and fitness consequences.
4. Assess water quality through citizen science and community engagement in multiple domestic and global communities.
Emily S. Bernhardt
Emily Bernhardt is an ecosystem ecologist and biogeochemist whose research is principally concerned with tracking the movement of elements through ecological systems. Dr. Bernhardt's research aims to document the extent to which the structure and function of aquatic ecosystems is being altered by land use change (urbanization, agriculture, mining) global change (rising CO2, rising sea levels) and chemical pollution. Ultimately this information is necessary to determine whether and how ecosystem change can be mitigated or prevented through active ecosystem management.
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