Challenges and Opportunities for Baleen Whale Conservation in the High Seas: A Case Study of Blue Whales in the Thermal Dome

Abstract

The Thermal Dome is one of the most biologically productive marine ecosystems in the Eastern Tropical Pacific, spanning multiple exclusive economic zones as well as areas beyond national jurisdiction. It also serves as a critical foraging habitat for migratory blue whales. Increasing maritime traffic in the region presents growing threats to these whales, particularly through vessel strikes and associated injuries. Under the International Maritime Organization’s environmental framework, states may propose the designation of Potentially Sensitive Sea Areas (PSSAs) to protect areas that are vulnerable to impacts from international shipping. This project analyses the criteria for PSSA designation and evaluates the scientific criteria needed for the Thermal Dome to be designated. It presents a comparison with the North-Western Mediterranean Sea (successfully designated for fin whales), identifies key evidence gaps for the Thermal Dome, and explores how emerging technologies can improve data collection and monitoring of blue whales in the high seas.