Structure and dynamics of the Arabidopsis O-fucosyltransferase SPINDLY.

The diterpenoid phytohormone gibberellin (GA) plays pivotal roles in regulating growth and development throughout the life cycle of higher plants.  Mutations affecting GA biosynthesis or GA response were the key to control plant stature in wheat and rice that led to dramatically increased grain yield and contributed greatly to the success of the ‘Green Revolution’ in the 1960s.  By multi-faceted approaches using the reference plant Arabidopsis, my lab has made major breakthroughs in elucidating the sites and regulatory mechanisms of GA biosynthesis, and the conserved molecular events of GA perception and the early GA signaling pathway.  We identified the nuclear transcriptional regulators DELLA proteins, which function as master growth repressors by inhibiting all aspects of GA responses.  Binding of GA to its nuclear receptor GID1 enhances the GID1-DELLA interaction, which in turn leads to the rapid proteolysis of DELLA through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, and allows transcriptional reprogramming of GA-responsive genes.  We and other researchers further showed that GA-GID1-DELLA is a key regulatory module that controls plant growth by integrating internal developmental cues, and external biotic and abiotic signals (light, cold, salt and pathogen stresses).  DELLA proteins play a central role in these processes via direct protein-protein interactions with key transcription factors.  Our recent studies using genetic and physiological analyses together with chemical biology methods indicate that DELLA’s binding affinity to interacting proteins are oppositely regulated by two novel O-linked glycosylations on specific Ser/Thr residues: O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification reduces DELLA activity, whereas O-fucosylation enhances DELLA activity.  We are investigating the global functions of O-GlcNAcylation and O-fucosylation in regulating plant development.