Browsing by Author "Campbell, Lisa"
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Item Open Access A case study analysis of a participatory process in fisheries management(2008-12-05T18:29:57Z) Vasquez, MelissaThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the experiences of participants in a participatory process in environmental management and to examine relative contributions of process features and the achievement of social goals to participants perceptions of their experience. I examined the case of the North Carolina Marine Fisheries Commission Sea Turtle Advisory Committee, an ad-hoc advisory committee composed of scientists, fishermen, and managers convened to develop solutions to reduce sea turtle-fishery interactions in North Carolina inshore waters. I conducted semi-structured interviews with participants about their experience on this committee. I recorded and transcribed audio of the interviews and coded participant responses using NVivo software. Most participants categorized their experience as positive overall, citing the achievement of social goals rather than the production of substantive recommendations. Participants were most satisfied by the level of motivation of their fellow participants, but least satisfied by the lack of responsiveness from the lead agency, the Marine Fisheries Commission. The committee’s achievement of its goals was further hampered by poor facilitation, which resulted in confusion about the goals and scope of the process. Despite significant setbacks, all committee members responded that they would consider participating in a participatory process again in the future.Item Open Access A NATURAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT OF THE U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS NATIONAL PARK AND VIRGIN ISLANDS CORAL REEF NATIONAL MONUMENT(2007) Collini, Kimberly; O’Rourke, KellyThe National Parks Conservation Association’s (NPCA) State of the Parks Program was developed to identify natural and cultural resources in jeopardy across the United States National Parks System. This natural resources assessment has been prepared on behalf of NPCA and in accordance with the guidelines outlined in NPCA’s Natural Resources Assessment and Ratings Methodology (NPCA 2006). It is intended to provide an ecosystem-level evaluation of the health of natural resources at Virgin Islands National Park and Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument. These protected areas are unique units within the National Parks System because of the diversity and complexity of habitats and organisms they contain, but outside pressures are threatening the integrity of some of the most critical systems within both the park and monument. Existing data from the National Park Service, other federal and territorial agencies, academic research studies, and peer-reviewed journals were used in conjunction with interviews of park staff and site visits to evaluate the health of the natural resources. The results of the assessment indicate that park and monument resources are vulnerable due to a combination of natural and anthropogenic stressors, including hurricanes, development, grazing of non-native animals, and visitor damage to sensitive systems such as coral reefs. Park staff have implemented numerous management initiatives to protect resources and mitigate threats to sensitive resources; however, the park and monument do not have sufficient funding or staff to enforce existing rules or to implement new programs that could help improve the state of vulnerable resources. This assessment concludes with management recommendations that would allow park managers to improve conditions and help ensure that the park’s resources are present and healthy for future generations.Item Open Access A Physical and Controversial Analysis of Shoreline Change on North Carolina’s Barrier Islands(2010-04-24T16:14:02Z) Kelly, KatelinWith the density of development in North Carolina’s coastal counties at an unprecedented high, the encroaching ocean is met with a heightened sense of urgency by coastal property owners. In this urgent call for coastal managers and legislators to remedy coastal investments, there is not a clear consensus to the appropriate action or lack thereof. The physical complexity of the shoreline is such that no two segments are alike and every action has consequences, making the balance of tradeoffs a very controversial matter. This research uses the historical shoreline mapping of Springer’s Point nature preserve on the barrier island of Ocracoke to demonstrate the naturally dynamic system of an undeveloped, but historically and ecologically valued property. Subsequent interviews with professionals working on coastal management issues provide a firsthand account of the political complexity of North Carolina’s shoreline, particularly with the added variable of development. Professional perspectives regarding the state and fate of our shoreline shed light on the controversy that is further fueled by accelerated sea level rise and the consequential political pressures. While urgency sometimes leads to short-term solutions, the informed advice and proposals of these professionals offer potential long-term alternatives. The key to our shoreline’s future largely relies on the actions and legislation that we put in place today.Item Open Access An Analysis of the Total Ecology of Lawn Maintenance in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed(2011-04-28) Junkin, IsabelThe Chesapeake Bay faces a multitude of pressures today from pollution sources, the most pressing being the influx of excessive nutrients. Effluent from waste water treatment plants, animal waste from concentrated animal feeding operations, and agricultural fertilizer are jointly responsible for nutrient loading in the Chesapeake Bay. An often overlooked and even less understood culprit is home lawn fertilization. Of these nutrient contributors, residential turf is the most fragmented and has the largest number of owners, making nutrient inputs from home lawns the most difficult to understand, measure, and regulate. Home lawns from Virginia to upstate New York, from West Virginia to Delaware – 2.85 million acres of green lawns – contribute to the nutrient loading that has so severely degraded the Chesapeake Bay’s waters To better understand all the factors affecting lawn maintenance I take a holistic approach and analyze the total ecology of the issue, including the human, biophysical, and institutional ecologies. First, the human ecology of lawn care is explored to understand the social norms and pressures that determine lawn maintenance behavior. Second, the biophysical ecology of fertilizer nutrients is explored through a literature review. Third, the institutional ecology is defined with a description of the relevant governing bodies and current legal mandates regulating lawn maintenance. This section focuses on a review of the mechanisms used by ten states in recently passed legislation to reduce nutrient pollution from home lawn fertilization. The purpose of this paper is to bring together the human, natural science, management, and policy components of the lawn maintenance issue so as to obtain a comprehensive view of the existing knowledge and structure and of the gaps that need to be filled. The goal of this report is to aid state legislators in understanding the lawn maintenance issue and in refining and passing lawn fertilizer bills similar to those recently enacted by ten states in an effort to reduce nutrient pollution specifically from lawn fertilizers. Lawn fertilizer is only one of many contributing factors degrading water quality, but every reduction of pollution sources, however small, helps to improve the health of the Chesapeake Bay. Strict lawn fertilizer laws regulating lawn maintenance behavior can contribute to the effort to achieve healthier water bodies and a healthier Bay.Item Open Access An Analysis of the Transparency of Marine Governance Organizations(2014-04-25) Clark, NicholaThe international environmental governance community began talking about transparency in the 1990s and regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs) in particular have been called upon to increase their transparency. Transparency is credited with a number of beneficial qualities, including encouraging compliance and increasing the accountability and responsiveness of governments. It is hoped that improving the transparency of marine governance organizations will lead to more effective conservation and management of the resources within their jurisdiction. This project explores transparency in marine governance organizations first by tracking the use and legal weight of the term in international marine governing bodies, and then by assessing the degree to which RFMOs are transparent. In order to evaluate the transparency of RFMOs, a questionnaire was developed based upon internationally recommended practices. The questionnaire divides transparency into three broad categories: availability of information, participation in decision-making, and access to outcomes. On average, RFMOs received 76 percent of the total available points in the questionnaire. While no single RFMO stood out as having particularly good or bad transparency practices, at least one organization received the maximum number of points for all but one of the questions in the assessment. This indicates that there is a great capacity for RFMOs to improve their transparency simply by adopting best practices currently utilized by their peers. In so doing, RFMOs will increase their capacity to effectively manage the living resources under their authority.Item Open Access Assessing and Communicating Flood Risk in Currituck County, North Carolina(2018-04-26) Halstead, AmberFlooding is a major threat to communities along the North Carolina coast. Currituck County specifically has seen several major flood events in the last few years. Currently, almost 60% of the county is in a flood zone, a designation that helps mitigate flood risks by ensuring property owners purchase flood insurance. Currently in the process of being adopted, new federal flood maps for the county will remove 64% of the structures from the special flood hazard area. County officials are concerned that these new maps will encourage residents to drop their flood insurance, leaving them more vulnerable to devastating flood events. This project utilized online surveys and participatory mapping meetings to assess the perception of flood risk in the county as well as concerns about flooding and flood insurance. I then used the information gathered to construct a flood communication plan for Currituck County that would help them to better communicate the true risk of flooding to residents.Item Open Access Assessing Decision-Making in Shoreline Management Among North Carolina’s Waterfront Property Owners(2018-04-26) McGarry, JaclynThe state of North Carolina is abundant in coastal resources including more than 12,000 miles of estuarine shoreline. Of approximately 600 miles of “modified” shoreline, 86.8% involve a bulkhead. Many coastal states now recommend the use of alternative stabilization methods, such as living shorelines or marsh sills. In comparison to bulkheads, seawalls and other hardened structures, these soft shore stabilization techniques better approximate the natural functions of the estuarine ecosystem while slowing the rate of erosion, often at a lower cost. Despite this, bulkheads remain the preferred method of erosion prevention in North Carolina. This project seeks to understand North Carolina waterfront property owners’ perceptions on options for shoreline stabilization and the the critical factors in their decision-making. Information gathered from a series of semi-structured interviews is used to make outreach recommendations within the state’s permitting framework.Item Open Access Assessing the scalability of small-scale ornamental mariculture as an alternative livelihood to fishing in the Spermonde Archipelago, Southwest Sulawesi, Indonesia(2014-04-24) Gisondo, AlannaAs with many marine areas throughout Indonesia, the coral reefs and fishery resources of the Spermonde Archipelago have become increasingly degraded largely due to overfishing and destructive fishing practices. As part of its Sustainable Solutions Program, Mars Inc. is working to restore marine resources in the Spermonde Archipelago by developing marine ornamental mariculture businesses as a sustainable alternative livelihood to fishing. Through semi-structured interviews with Spermonde fishers, this study evaluates the scalability of Mars’ livelihood strategy and its potential to reduce fishing effort by assessing fishers’ perceptions and knowledge of marine ornamental aquaculture. Of the total respondents, 78% were interested in ornamental aquaculture as a business opportunity, and 60% stated they would either reduce the time they spent fishing or stop altogether if they had an aquaculture business. However, 72% of respondents were unwilling or unable to invest in a business, expressing concern about market uncertainties and the profitability of the business. The results of this study reveal several challenges with deploying a market-based approach to livelihood diversification in the Spermonde Archipelago, and will be used to help inform Mars’ future approach to its livelihood strategy.Item Open Access Atong Kabakhawan: Making Participation Meaningful in Community-Based Mangrove Restoration in Negros Oriental, Philippines(2019-04-19) Siegelman, BenCommunity-based management has a long history in the Philippines, where local participation has been a central concern of coastal conservation. Participation, however, is poorly defined and assessments are rarely based on the perceptions of participants themselves. Building on applied anthropology and participatory research techniques, I studied participation through an ethnography of community-based mangrove restoration projects in Negros Oriental, Philippines. Ethnographic research revealed the values, goals, and perceptions of local participants while situating these findings within their broader social context. I use Bisaya language as a guide for analysis, examining key phrases to show how local meanings impact mangrove participation in unexpected ways. From these findings, I make recommendations for applying ethnographic insights to project activities and develop a perception-based monitoring tool to assess participant engagement.Item Open Access Barriers to Sustainable Coastal Development in Puerto Peñasco, Sonora, Mexico(2007) Bryant, Emily H.Puerto Peñasco, once a small Sonoran fishing village located 65 kilometers from the US border crossing, has over the last 10 years become one of the fastest growing cities in Mexico. Tourism has been the force for this dramatic change and with the boom of resort developments and economic opportunities came unintended environmental and social costs. Using current federal management plans, secondary literature and on-site surveys, this report describes the current environmental, economic and social conditions that define Peñasco today and identifies specific barriers that are blocking successful sustainable management initiatives at the national, regional and local levels.Item Open Access Beyond Fishing? The Impact of Microcredit on Alternative Livelihoods in South Sulawesi, Indonesia(2013-04-25) Brock, AnnieIndonesia has the most biologically diverse coral reefs worldwide. However, many marine areas of Indonesia, including the Spermonde Archipelago of South Sulawesi, have become increasingly degraded due to global environmental change and local pressures including coastal runoff and destructive fishing practices. As ocean health declines, small island villages of the Spermonde Archipelago experience food insecurity and growing levels of poverty. These small island communities face challenges in developing alternative livelihoods to fishing due to limited access to economic markets and resources. As conservation strategies evolve to better incorporate the importance of natural resources to people, microcredit has emerged as a possible tool in addressing both conservation and development objectives in the region. Created in 1998, the Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program (COREMAP) is a national conservation initiative that melds bottom-up and top-down policy approaches to protect coral reefs and empower the coastal and island communities that depend upon marine resources. One way in which COREMAP seeks to reduce pressure on marine resources is through the provision of small loans for the development of alternative livelihoods to fishing. Through 74 semi-structured interviews with loan recipients and village staff in eight small island villages, this study examines the impact of the COREMAP microcredit system on the generation of alternative incomes in the Spermonde Archipelago. Results show that COREMAP small loans fostered the development of additional income sources to fishing. Although the COREMAP microcredit program achieved the development goal of income diversification, it has thus far fallen short of the conservation objective to reduce fishing pressure. The creation of alternative livelihoods is incredibly complex. Small island villages in Spermonde face small, variable incomes and limited livelihood opportunities. Microcredit may be unable to achieve conservation goals in the region without demonstrating its ability to support businesses that provide higher incomes than fishing. In light of these findings, this study recommends policy strategies that could address existing challenges to business success and program sustainability, including increased loan amounts, partnerships with private industry, funded positions for village COREMAP staff, regular loan repayment meetings, greater flexibility in loan repayment schemes, and a combined savings-credit approach.Item Open Access Capturing fisher input on regulatory change in the Turks and Caicos Islands marine turtle fishery and assessing the possibility of co-management(2011-04-28) Overcash, Dana L.Within Turks and Caicos Islands (TCI) waters there are two main species of marine turtle that nest and forage: green and hawksbill turtles. Both are listed on the global IUCN Red List as endangered and critically endangered, respectively, but are fished legally in TCI waters. The fishery is mostly unregulated, and the government of TCI and the Marine Conservation Society of the United Kingdom (MCS-UK) have been working with fishers to improve management. Over the past two years, MCS-UK has conducted extensive fisher engagement and research on the nature and scope of the fishery. Based on research and fisher input, MCS-UK will recommend a new management plan in 2011. Through an extensive literature review and analysis of the TCI turtle fishery, I assess the potential for co-management in the fishery by fishermen and government. Analysis of fisher interviews demonstrates perspectives on management of the turtle fishery in general, and fisher preference for certain management techniques. Coupling my analysis of the fishery and co-management theory with fisher and community member responses leads me to recommend the following management measures: closed areas; protection of nesting females and eggs; a slot size limit; a closed season and some gear restrictions. The analysis also reveals the possibility of co-management in the fishery and I suggest increasing fisher involvement in the decision-making process. After implementing and assessing a co-management plan for the marine turtle fishery in the TCI, it may act as a guide for initiating similar programs for the more economically important conch and lobster fisheries.Item Open Access Challenges of large-scale planning revealed through comments to the National Ocean Policy(2012-04-27) LaRocco, MichelleThe National Ocean Policy represents recent efforts by the United States federal government to develop a comprehensive plan to manage uses in the federal exclusive economic zone of the ocean. Planning efforts encounter numerous challenges, including: planning long-term action in a system with short-term political cycles, incorporating the uncertainties science in the planning process, and having adequate capacity to manage the problem. Large planning initiatives have additional issues with multi-jurisdictional planning and the need for representative planning bodies. Additionally, the history of the environmental movement in the United States and the history of environmental policies effect the development of the National Ocean Policy. The public comments represent the views of concerned stakeholders and reveal the challenges of this type of planning. A thematic analysis of recent public comments to the Strategic Action Plans for the National Ocean Policy shows that new or additional regulations and fear of negative economic impacts are the primary reasons given by stakeholders opposed to the policy. The reasons given for support of the policy include general environmental protection and the policy as a method to deal with the impacts of climate change. The comments also reveal broader challenges to the planning efforts including the timescale mis-match between policy-making and elections, the integration of science and policy, contextual issues of planning in a changing climate, and the political landscape. The challenges that are revealed by this analysis are fundamental challenges to this and other planning processes and will need to be overcome for successful implementation of the Policy. Reasons for opposition or support of the policy can guide the National Ocean Council in areas of necessary public outreach to aid promotion and implementation of the National Ocean Policy.Item Open Access Citizen-Based Sea Turtle Conservation Across the Developing-Developed World Divide(2011) Cornwell, Myriah LynneThis dissertation research explores participatory sea turtle conservation monitoring through a comparison of two case studies, one in North Carolina (NC), USA and the other in Baja California Sur (BCS), Mexico. Participatory approaches in conservation management can supplement state capacity as well as strengthen the involvement of citizens in environmental governance and knowledge production. Despite scholarship challenging the validity of the categories of developing and developed nations, this categorical assumptions derived from this binary world divide continue to inform conservation, and theoretical vocabularies for local roles in conservation management. In developed nations, participatory conservation management is framed through the broader administrative rationalism discourse, and is identified as volunteer conservation or citizen science. In developing nations, participatory conservation management is approached through the discourse of biodiversity and the threats human society poses to it, and is identified through community-based processes of conservation stewardship. The two case studies analyzed in this dissertation serve to interrogate the ways in which these distinct discourses influence outcomes, and consider what may be obscured or overlooked due to discursive constraints.
Conducting ethnographic research in each case study site, I participated in and observed sea turtle conservation activities and conducted in-depth interviews with relevant sea turtle conservation actors as well as collected documents pertaining to the conservation programs. Sea turtle conservation monitors in NC and BCS perform functionally similar conservation tasks, and I collected data using similar techniques in order to maximize comparability. I compare the case studies, not to generalize to a population, but instead to speak to theoretical propositions and inform existing theory on participatory conservation monitoring.
Although participatory monitoring in NC and BCS does not result in a democratization of science, there are beneficial outcomes to participants in both places. NC sea turtle monitors are enabled to take ownership of sea turtle stewardship, and BCS sea turtle monitors are enabled to promote conservation and cultural change using the authority of science. These outcomes challenge assumptions about state capacity and local engagements with science in participatory conservation, and the disparate approaches to local roles in conservation in each `world.' The overall findings suggest that a multitude of factors are involved in the production of conservation program frameworks and participant outcomes, and more deeply interrogating the taken for granted assumptions behind conservation designs and implementation can offer stronger understandings of what participatory conservation management can (and cannot) achieve.
Item Open Access Comanagement of U.S. Marine Protected Areas: Current Efforts and their Potential Implications for Seagrass Management at Fishers Island, New York(2016-04-27) Collier, ChantalComanagement is practiced in many countries and recommended as an appropriate, equitable and effective approach to place-based, marine resource management. However, few examples of collaboratively managed marine protected areas (MPAs) involving government and community partners are found in the United States (U.S.). Efforts to share management of MPAs by the state and local communities have emerged in Florida, Hawai‘i, and California. These cooperative agreements demonstrate an alternative to the top-down, centralized government approach to natural resource management commonly practiced in the U.S. What conditions enabled or challenged the emergence of comanagement for these MPAs? How have local community norms, values and knowledge contributed to marine resource problem-solving in each case? Can experiences drawn from these cases inform or improve MPA management in other states? Recent legislation requiring the State of New York to designate Seagrass Management Areas and consult with local community members to effectively protect, manage and restore seagrass provides an opportunity to investigate these questions. This study reveals the conditions and strategies whereby solutions to MPA management problems emerged as a result of iterative, collaborative processes for Rookery Bay in Florida, Hā‘ena in Hawai‘i, and Catalina Island in California, where the state and local community share management responsibilities. For each case, I describe the development of MPAs and the collaborative agreement, identify the conditions that gave rise to comanagement, and map its problem-solving functions in the context of the social-ecological system. Drawing upon my analysis, I recommend strategies to enhance MPA comanagement and propose new conditions or drivers essential for comanagement of MPAs. Existing preconditions and the potential for a cooperative approach to seagrass management at Fishers Island, New York are derived from community members’ perceptions, values, hopes and concerns regarding local marine resources and the prospect of Seagrass Management Areas.Item Open Access CONSEQUENCES OF THE PRECAUTIONARY APPROACH IN THE MADISON SWANSON MARINE PROTECTED AREA(2007-05) Flowers, J. McDavid JrThe Madison Swanson Marine Protected Area was established to protect gag grouper, Mycteroperca microlepis, spawning aggregations on high relief, deepwater habitat in the Gulf of Mexico. Fishery biologists observed a decline in the proportion of male individuals in the population. The decline led fishery managers to question the reproductive health of the gag grouper population. However, competing theories on gag grouper ecology led to divergent views on the best management policy for gag grouper protection. In the end, fishery managers chose to use the precautionary approach to implement an MPA to protect gag grouper spawning aggregations. In this case, the precautionary approach had consequences that should be considered when managing fisheries in the future. I investigated the pertinent literature and participated in NOAA research within the MPA in the summer of 2006.Item Open Access Culture, Capture, and Disease: Shrimp Production in the Age of Industrial Aquaculture(2019) Dubik, Bradford AThis dissertation focuses on the relationship of industrial shrimp aquaculture and shrimp diseases, with an emphasis on the agency of disease in shaping the history of shrimp production. Shrimp aquaculture is concentrated in developing tropical economies, with the significant majority of shrimp exported to consumers in the Global North. The rise of shrimp aquaculture has been accompanied by the development of new technologies and practices, designed to facilitate and govern the growth of the industry. While successful in making aquaculture the single largest production method for shrimp, these innovations also created ideal environments for the emergence and spread of shrimp diseases, which have caused significant and persistent production losses. Disease has brought volatility and risk to producer livelihoods, while also necessitating further technological modernization and development interventions to curb disease outbreaks.
This research draws on qualitative interviews and contextual economic analyses to explore the role of disease at multiple scales. Chapter 2 examines how disease has shaped industry discourses and he practice of shrimp aquaculture across contexts. The role of the concept of biosecurity is examined to highlight the territorial nature of disease prevention. Chapter 3 explores the context of shrimp aquaculture development in Aceh, Indonesia. This chapter applies the general ideas explored in Chapter 2, to a real-world case, highlighting how the pairing of shrimp and disease is managed as a single commodity. Chapter 4 explores the reach of disease globally, and across methods of production. The economic effects of disease on U.S. wild shrimping are explored, along with the role of disease as a narrative element in resisting global aquaculture.
It is argued that shrimp disease shapes commodity relationships, influencing production decisions, and development priorities at multiple scales. The unsympathetic quality of disease makes disease prevention an ideal project for enrolling broad coalitions of human and non-human actors, and negating the politics embedded in the relationship of disease prevention with commodification more broadly.
Item Open Access Developing a Framework to Assess SEE Turtles Ecotourism Ventures(2008-04-25T03:22:45Z) Luderer, CaitlinThe Ocean Conservancy recently launched their SEE Turtles Campaign (seeturtles.org) which serves the dual purpose of inspiring sea turtle conservation ethics in tourists and encouraging sustainable use of sea turtles by communities around the world. The campaign utilizes media pathways to promote selected “partner” sea turtle ecotourism ventures and also provides small grants to these enterprises for operational support. The SEE Turtles project has a list of site selection criteria but lacks a more structured framework for assessing future SEE Turtles candidate sites. The goal of this master’s project was to develop a comprehensive site selection process using ecotourism and community development literature. This framework may be used to identify potential SEE Turtles sites that will have the largest positive impacts on sea turtle conservation and local communities.Item Open Access Developing a Sustainable Tourism Framework for the Outer Banks National Scenic Byway(2016-04-23) Hooper, Patricia; Dykman, Alyssa; Shervanick, KaraThe Outer Banks National Scenic Byway (OBNSB) is a 142.5-mile driving route located along North Carolina’s Outer Banks, one of the state’s most profitable and popular tourist destinations. Spanning across three coastal counties—Carteret, Dare, and Hyde— the OBNSB region supports a growing tourism industry, with a spectrum of impacts that need to be assessed. To address this, we present a framework to measure the current and potential economic, environmental, and social impacts of increasing coastal and marine tourism along the OBNSB. The framework is centered on the utilization of sustainability indicators, informed by an extensive literature review, interviews with select stakeholders in coastal communities, and an analysis of socio-economic and ecological data. The final report provides North Carolina Sea Grant (NCSG), as well as local communities and organizations, with planning information to improve regional economic and environmental conditions and optimize local goals for sustainable tourism development.Item Open Access Development of a Disaster Response Plan for the North Carolina National Estuarine Research Reserve(2015-04-24) Adams, Caitlin; Hensch, Allison; Rollison, DanaThe North Carolina National Estuarine Research Reserve (NCNERR) is a network of four protected coastal sites, covering over 10,500 acres, which was established for long‐term research, education, and stewardship. Following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, five Gulf of Mexico NERRs created comprehensive disaster response plans (DRP) and were the first reserves in the nationwide system to initiate disaster planning. NCNERR deemed that its own DRP was needed to guide emergency management efforts, build better partnerships between NCNERR managers and emergency managers, and position NCNERR as a partner to support area response efforts. Site‐specific hazards were identified and ranked in collaboration with NCNERR managers. Facilitated stakeholder workshops brought together all relevant local, state, and federal emergency response personnel and garnered input on potential hazards, impacts, and preparation needs of each NCNERR site. The input from site managers and stakeholders informed the creation of the DRP, which will be included in NCNERR’s 2016‐2021 Management Plan.
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