Browsing by Subject "E-waste"

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    Making and Unmaking of Guiyu: The Global Center of E-waste
    (2021-06-01) Feng, Yuqiao
    As the industry of electronic devices rapidly develops, the disposal and recycling of e-waste become an issue at stake. Despite the constant effort of both governments and Non-Governmental Organization, exportation to developing countries remains one of the major approaches for the first world to dispose their hazardous e-waste. Developing countries in Asia and Africa are such perfect destinations for e-waste dumping for their cheap labor and the lack of environmental regulation. Without adequate precaution and proper handling guide, human health and environmental integrity are under threat in these areas. China, being the largest electronics manufacture country, aside from dealing with the considerable amount of domestic e-waste, also faces multiple challenges in regulating the importation of e-waste. In addition to discuss the historical background, current situation, and possible future of e-waste trading on a global level, this project focuses on Guiyu, China, a small southern town which is considered one of the largest e-waste centers in the world. Taking Guiyu as an example, this paper aims to reveal the complexity surrounding the disposal and recycling of e-waste and the potential harm on human health of informal recycle activities. Tracing back the history of e-waste trading in Guiyu helps understand the how did the business become dominant industry. The economic and social context and the shared cultural belief of Chaoshan people also play key roles in the local e-waste recycle development. The paper suggests possible upstream and downstream solutions as well. The paper relies on secondary sources including academic journals, local newspaper, and public documents. Visual and audio material such as documentaries and interview footages are also important resources for the project. Related works that had been conducted within the Chinese language sphere are important sources for this project. To combine local perspective in the process of research, the paper largely depends on articles and official reports that are written in Chinese. Due to the difficulty in obtaining reliable and objective report on the result of the industrial park in Guiyu, the future of Guiyu and its e-waste business remains uncertain.
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    PROVIDING SOUND RECOMMENDATIONS ON HAZARDOUS EMISSIONS DURING E-WASTE MANAGEMENT: REDUCING ADVERSE HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH EFFECT IN TAIWAN
    (2011-12-09) Kuo, Yu-Chun
    Waste electrical and electronic equipment (e-waste) accounted for an increasing waste stream, both in growing rate and volume, during the past three decades. The compositions of e-waste include various metals and organic chemicals (used as plastics and additives like flame retardants). To recycle and/or reuse these metals or plastics from e-waste, industrial processes must dismantle, shred, and separate components. Such physical actions create hazardous exposure to human workers and the environment. This project was built on literature reviews regarding e-waste management and focuses on the problems of occupational exposure to toxic components present in e-waste streams. A class of toxic flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), has been chosen. In this report I provide more definition of the problem and characterize PBDEs in the e-waste management in Taiwan, where I am from. Based on this information, I propose recommendations to minimize PBDEs exposure in the e-waste recycling systems. While shredding e-waste to retrieve materials, PBDEs are released from plastic components into air, and/or partitioned to atmospheric or dust particles. Workers thus become a high-risk exposure group from inhalation and ingestion pathways. Due to the ability of bioaccumulation, PBDEs pose an ongoing threat to exposed individuals. Also of concern is exposure to children due to the known effects on developmental neurotoxicity. Two commercial PBDEs, penta- and octa-BDEs, were banned or phased-out from use since 2004. The third mixture, deca-BDE, is scheduled for phase-out in 2013. Improved worker safety can reduce occupational exposure. However, dust carried to households of workers can be transferred to other family members, particularly children. In addition, attention to women workers of childbearing age can reduce exposure to the most vulnerable individuals. The Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (TEPA) mandated e-waste recycling from 1998. Total of 22 registered facilities handled about 4.25 million e-wastes devices in 2010. Although Taiwan has reached an average recycling rate of over 50%, the items on recyclable in Taiwanese regulations represent only a small portion of those in the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive. If worker safety can be improved, a greater proportion of used components can be recycled. Thus, improving occupational safety is critical. Recommendations made in this report include: use of proper personal protective equipment such as barrier clothing (i.e., aprons, high visibility shirts), dust respirators (N-95) and fabric gloves, improved workplace ventilation to filter out contaminated dust, requirement for separated storage lockers for worker protective devices and clean clothing. In addition, showering prior to donning individual street clothing and departure for home should be required. Furthermore, the hazardous substance guidelines in the processing facilities are not strictly framed. Regulated certification and inspections to ensure compliance auditioning should be performed regularly to prevent hazards exposure. Monitoring of PBDE levels of workers and in the working place is essential. With careful attention to the above, worker safety will be enhanced and exposure minimized while providing a means to recycle valuable materials from e-waste.