Browsing by Subject "Salmon"
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Item Open Access A Policy Evaluation considering the Pacific Salmon Treaty’s Impacts on the Southeast Alaska Chinook Salmon Commercial Troll Fishery(2021-04-30) Nichols, CarinaConflicts regarding salmon harvest and conservation have been intensified by the highly migratory nature of the species often moving between the Pacific Northwest, British Columbia, and Alaska. Pacific salmon stocks migrate across international boundaries to rear and mature before returning to their river of origin to spawn. Consequently, salmon that spawned in the rivers of one country are subject to interceptions in another country. Negotiated in 1985 between Canada and the U.S., the Pacific Salmon Treaty represents decades of effort toward collaborative management to prevent overfishing and to provide for the optimum production and fair allocation of salmon harvest for Pacific salmon fisheries. This report broadly seeks to understand the impacts international fishery agreements have had on small-scale, community-based fisheries through a case study evaluating the Pacific Salmon Treaty’s impacts on the Southeast Alaska commercial Chinook salmon troll fishery over time. The Southeast Alaska Chinook salmon commercial troll fishery was selected due to its dependence on Chinook salmon as a substantial component of its harvest, as along with the small boat characteristics of the fishery. Chinook salmon negotiations within the Pacific Salmon Treaty have been a chronic source of tension within negotiations, and the impacts of negotiations for the Southeast Alaska Chinook salmon commercial troll fishery have resulted in dramatic reductions in harvest opportunity. Reductions in harvest have not been offset by increased consumer demand and fish prices, although these have increased over time. Domestic rivalry is apparent between Alaska and the southern U.S., and Endangered Species Act listings have further complicated negotiations and U.S. Section relations. The report concludes with policy conclusions and recommendations intended to improve salmon management and impacts to affected stakeholders. Concluding that management actions beyond fishery harvest controls will likely be necessary to support healthy salmon populations, consideration of approaches to salmon conservation outside of Pacific Salmon Treaty jurisdiction is recommended. Recommendations also include improved process transparency, the development of a framework to evaluate long-term impacts to stakeholders resulting from management decisions, and increased accountability to maintain habitat responsibly and for the benefit of all.Item Open Access Assessing Hatchery Practices: Management of genetic introgression issues and First Nations involvement in Salmon Hatcheries in British Columbia.(2019-04-13) Palaka, KelliIn 1977, the Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) implemented the Salmon Enhancement Program (SEP) in order to address the decline of Pacific salmon stocks. The SEP includes a range of initiatives meant to restore at-risk stocks and increase fish numbers to provide harvest and economic development for communities, including First Nations. Efforts include small hatcheries known as Community Involvement Programs operated by coastal communities, environmental societies and First Nations. Little, however, was known about how these programs address First Nation involvement and rising issues around genetic introgression. This project sought to fill this information gap, which was also of specific interest to the Tla-o-qui-aht First Nation, a community partner in the project that runs their own hatchery. Interviews were conducted with 18 hatchery employees across 5 management regions in British Columbia. Results show that most decisions around genetic practices are made at DFO and not by hatcheries directly. For First Nations involvement, where decisions are made varies depending on the involvement type; First Nation decision-making and goal-setting for non-First Nation hatcheries is done more broadly through DFO consultation, whereas employment or volunteer involvement is decided at the hatchery level. These results will inform decision-making around Pacific salmon management and First Nations relationships.