Browsing by Subject "adolescents"
Now showing 1 - 4 of 4
Results Per Page
Sort Options
Item Open Access Adolescent Executive Dysfunction in Daily Life: Relationships to Risks, Brain Structure and Substance Use.(Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 2017-01) Clark, Duncan B; Chung, Tammy; Martin, Christopher S; Hasler, Brant P; Fitzgerald, Douglas H; Luna, Beatriz; Brown, Sandra A; Tapert, Susan F; Brumback, Ty; Cummins, Kevin; Pfefferbaum, Adolf; Sullivan, Edith V; Pohl, Kilian M; Colrain, Ian M; Baker, Fiona C; De Bellis, Michael D; Nooner, Kate B; Nagel, Bonnie JDuring adolescence, problems reflecting cognitive, behavioral and affective dysregulation, such as inattention and emotional dyscontrol, have been observed to be associated with substance use disorder (SUD) risks and outcomes. Prior studies have typically been with small samples, and have typically not included comprehensive measurement of executive dysfunction domains. The relationships of executive dysfunction in daily life with performance based testing of cognitive skills and structural brain characteristics, thought to be the basis for executive functioning, have not been definitively determined. The aims of this study were to determine the relationships between executive dysfunction in daily life, measured by the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF), cognitive skills and structural brain characteristics, and SUD risks, including a global SUD risk indicator, sleep quality, and risky alcohol and cannabis use. In addition to bivariate relationships, multivariate models were tested. The subjects (n = 817; ages 12 through 21) were participants in the National Consortium on Alcohol and Neurodevelopment in Adolescence (NCANDA) study. The results indicated that executive dysfunction was significantly related to SUD risks, poor sleep quality, risky alcohol use and cannabis use, and was not significantly related to cognitive skills or structural brain characteristics. In multivariate models, the relationship between poor sleep quality and risky substance use was mediated by executive dysfunction. While these cross-sectional relationships need to be further examined in longitudinal analyses, the results suggest that poor sleep quality and executive dysfunction may be viable preventive intervention targets to reduce adolescent substance use.Item Open Access Adolescents' and caregivers' perceptions of caregiver-provided testing and HIV self-testing using oral mucosal transudate tests in Zimbabwe: a short report.(AIDS care, 2020-04-16) Rainer, Crissi; Chihota, Belinda; Dziva Chikwari, Chido; McHugh, Grace; Dauya, Ethel; Mujuru, Hilda; Ferrand, Rashida A; Stewart, Kearsley AUptake of HIV testing remains lower among children and adolescents compared to adults. This study explored adolescents' perceptions of HIV self-testing (HIVST) and caregivers' perceptions of testing their children using an oral mucosal transudate (OMT) rapid HIV test (caregiver-provided testing). We conducted 31 interviews with adolescents aged 16-18 years and caregivers of children aged 2-15 years who received an OMT test. Participants described barriers to HIV testing including lack of privacy and the potential for discrimination by community members towards children and adolescents who received an HIV test. Most participants felt caregiver-provided testing and HIVST could address these barriers through increased privacy. Some participants expressed worry about their ability to correctly perform the OMT and their anxious reactions to a positive result. Counseling and assistance from health care workers were viewed as ways to alleviate concerns. Concerns shaped participants' preferences for facility-based HIVST and caregiver-provided testing. Findings demonstrate HIVST performed by adolescents and caregiver-provided testing could increase the uptake of HIV testing. Concerns related to being able to test correctly and the availability of post-test counseling must be addressed in any future delivery mechanisms.Item Open Access Is bigger really better? Obesity among high school football players, player position, and team success.(Clin Pediatr (Phila), 2013-10) Skinner, Asheley Cockrell; Hasty, Stephanie E; Turner, Robert W; Dreibelbis, Mark; Lohr, Jacob AOBJECTIVE: American football is one of the most common high school sports in the United States. We examine obesity among high school football players, and variations based on positions, team division, and team success. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We used 2 data sets from the North Carolina High School Athletic Association (n = 2026) and MaxPreps (n = 6417). We examined body mass index, calculated using coach-reported height and weight, by player position, division, and success based on win-loss percentage. RESULTS: Most players (62%) were skill players, with 35% linemen and 3% punters/kickers. Most skill players (62%) were healthy weight and 4% obese or morbidly obese. In contrast, only 8% of linemen were healthy weight, with 21% morbidly obese. Team success was correlated with size only for skill players. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity is a significant problem for high school football players. Pediatricians should consider the context of football playing in assessing long-term health risks for these young men.Item Open Access Reported Sports Participation, Race, Sex, Ethnicity, and Obesity in US Adolescents From NHANES Physical Activity (PAQ_D).(Glob Pediatr Health, 2015) Turner, Robert W; Perrin, Eliana M; Coyne-Beasley, Tamera; Peterson, Camilla J; Skinner, Asheley CObjective. To understand the relationships between participation in different types of leisure time sport activity and adolescent obesity, and how those relationships might differ based on race, gender, and household income. Methods. Data consisted of 6667 students that took part in the 1999 to 2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The authors used adjusted Wald tests to examine differences in the prevalence of obesity (body mass index >95th percentile for age and sex) by sport for boys and girls separately. Results. Among adolescent youth age 12 to 19 years, 16.6% of male leisure time sport participants and 15.3% of female sport participants were obese, compared with 23.6% for male nonathlete participant-in-other-activities and 17.0% obesity rate for female nonathlete/participant-in-other-activities. For both males and females, reported participation in leisure time sports decreased between middle school and high school, and this reduction was associated with higher body mass index.