Browsing by Subject "gender"
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Item Open Access A cross-sectional survey study of United States residency program directors' perceptions of parental leave and pregnancy among anesthesiology trainees.(Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2021-06-22) Sharpe, Emily E; Ku, Cindy; Malinzak, Elizabeth B; Kraus, Molly B; Chandrabose, Rekha; Hartlage, Sarah EH; Hanson, Andrew C; Schulte, Phillip J; Pearson, Amy CSPurpose
Little is known about program directors' knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding parental leave policies in anesthesiology training. This study sought to understand program director perceptions about the effects of pregnancy and parental leave on resident training, skills, and productivity.Methods
An online 43-question survey was developed to evaluate United States anesthesiology program directors' perceptions of parental leave policies. The survey included questions regarding demographics, anesthesiology program characteristics, parental leave policies, call coverage, and the perceived effects of parental leave on resident performance. Data were collected by Qualtrics (Qualtrics, Provo, UT, USA).Results
Fifty-six of 145 (39%) anesthesiology program directors completed the survey. Forty-eight of 54 (89%) program directors had a female resident take maternity leave in the past three years. When asked how parental leave affects residents' futures, 24/50 (48%) program directors felt it delayed board certification and 28/50 (56%) thought it affected fellowship opportunities. Program directors were split on their perceived impact of becoming a parent on a trainee's work. Yet, when compared with male trainees, program directors perceived that becoming a parent negatively affected female trainees' timeliness, technical skills, scholarly activities, procedural volume, and standardized test scores and affected training experience of co-residents. Program directors perceived no difference in impact on female trainees' dedication to patients and clinical performance.Conclusions
Program directors perceived that becoming a parent negatively affects the work performance of female but not male trainees. These negative perceptions could impact evaluations and future plans of female residents.Item Embargo Applications of Latent Class Analysis to Discrimination and Health Studies(2024) Smith, Imari ZThis dissertation builds on over 40 years of research demonstrating the negative effects of discrimination on health. Though there is a copious amount of studies on discrimination frequency, this rich literature largely neglects discrimination attribution processes (i.e., perceptions of which factors motivated the discriminatory treatment). This dissertation is comprised of three studies that employ latent class analysis to illuminate how attributions cluster, and regression to examine the implications of those clusters for health outcomes and individuals’ responses to discrimination in healthcare settings. Study 1 examines the extent to which attribution processes vary by race, gender, and race-gender groups among a Black and White young adult sample drawn from the Panel Study on Income Dynamics Transitioning to Adulthood Supplement. Results reveal that race-gender subgroups experience distinct clusters of attributions for discriminatory experiences—patterns that are obscured when estimating latent classes of attributions in the full sample. Study 2 estimates the extent to which emergent latent attribution classes from Study 1 predict health outcomes among Black and White young adults, disentangling the effects of two dimensions of interpersonal discrimination: attributions and frequency. Findings demonstrate that membership in any latent attribution class is not always associated with worse health outcomes and significant associations between health and dimensions of discrimination (i.e., frequency and attributions) vary across race-gender groups and health outcomes. Study 3 employs nationally representative data from the Health Reform Monitoring Survey to investigate how patients interpret and respond to provider mistreatment, and examine associations between the two. Resulting emergent attribution classes vary across racial groups, with race being more salient among Black patients relative to White and Latino patients. In contrast, emergent latent reaction classes are similar across groups wherein patients either disengage from healthcare (e.g., delaying or avoiding care) or do not modify their care plans after mistreatment. Furthermore, patients who attribute discrimination to many concurrent items have higher odds of disengagement relative to those who select fewer attribution items. These studies underscore the importance of social group specificity in understanding the implications of attributions for health, and they demonstrate how provider mistreatment may further exacerbate patient health inequities.
Item Open Access From Workfare to Economic and Sociopolitical Stability? Evidence from a Randomized Trial in Eastern Congo(The World Bank Economic Review, 2024) Brandily, Paul; Mvukiyehe, Eric; Smets, Lodewijk; van der Windt, Peter; Verpoorten, MarijkeAbstract Did a workfare program in Eastern Congo have a lasting impact on economic and sociopolitical outcomes? Men and women in Eastern Congo were randomly assigned to 2,674 four-month job offers, or to the job offer plus a savings incentive, hard-skills training, or both. Eighteen months after the program, labor market and savings outcomes have improved, but there is no change across 12 other economic and sociopolitical outcome families. Regarding labor market outcomes, the most intensive treatment—the job offer plus the savings incentive and hard-skills training—outperforms treatments with only one add-on. This indicates that the savings incentive and hard-skills training, when combined, can create a synergistic impact greater than the sum of their individual effects. The results are mainly driven by female beneficiaries, who start at much lower levels of labor market participation and earnings than men.Item Open Access Gender Differences in the Impact of North Carolina’s Early Care and Education Initiatives on Student Outcomes in Elementary School(Educational Policy, 2020-03-01) Muschkin, CG; Ladd, HF; Dodge, KA; Bai, Y© The Author(s) 2018. Based on growing evidence of the long-term benefits of enriched early childhood experiences, we evaluate the potential for addressing gender disparities in elementary school through early care and education programs. Specifically, we explore the community-wide effects of two statewide initiatives in North Carolina on gender differences in academic outcomes in Grades 3 to 5, using administrative student data and information on variation in program availability across counties and over time. We find that although investments in early care and education programs produce significant gains in math and reading skills on average for all children, boys experience larger program-related gains than girls. Moreover, the greatest gains among boys emerge for those from less advantaged families. In contrast, the large and statistically significant reductions in special education placements induced by these early childhood program do not differ consistently by gender.Item Open Access GIs and 'Jeep Girls': Sex and American Soldiers in Wartime China(Journal of Modern Chinese History, 2019) Fredman, ZachThis article examines how sex affected the larger politics of the Sino–US alliance during World War II. By early 1945, Chinese from across the social spectrum resented the US military presence, but just one issue sparked a violent backlash: sexual relations between American soldiers (GIs) and Chinese women. Two interrelated, patriarchal narratives about sex emerged that spring. Starting in March, government-backed newspapers began criticizing “Jeep girls,” an epithet coined to describe the Chinese women who consorted with American servicemen. Rumors also circulated that GIs were using Jeeps to kidnap “respectable” women and rape them. Each narrative portrayed women’s bodies as territory to be recovered and inextricable from national sovereignty. These narratives resonated widely, turning Jeep girls into the catalyst through which all variables causing resentment against the US military presence intersected and converged. With Japan on the ropes, China’s allied friends now stood in the way of irreversibly consigning foreign imperialism to the past. Sexual relations were not the Sino–US alliance’s seedy underside, but the core site of its tensions.Item Open Access Initial Assessment of Gender Considerations in Plastics Policy(2023-08-31) Dixon, Natalie; Skarjune, Melissa; Mason, Sara; Karasik, Rachel; Virdin, JohnGlobally, women are disproportionately burdened and impacted by the harmful effects of plastic across the life cycle of products. These burdens vary across cultural, socioeconomic, and political contexts, and based on how women engage with plastic, but broadly include health and safety impacts, access to opportunities in the waste sector, and exposures to harmful plastic-associated chemicals. This initial assessment considers how women, people who are assigned female at birth and have been socialized as females, and/or female-identified people are considered in plastics policy scope and implementation. Researchers identified 25 documents at the intersection of plastics policy and gender, indicating gender is rarely considered when crafting plastics policy. However, evidence of gender-differentiated impacts of plastics policy is emerging. Plastics bans, waste management policies, and economic development funds often ignore or do not consider women’s roles as heads of households or informal waste sector workers, both of which expose women to excesses of plastics and their negative effects. Despite this, some policies that do consider gender were identified. Most are primarily focused on incorporating women in the waste management sector and alleviating the burden of low-income women from complying with plastic bag fees. None address the risks associated with chemical exposure across the plastics life cycle. These policies, alongside expert interviews, suggest that the path toward tangible consideration of gender-differentiated impacts associated with plastic and plastics policies requires, at a minimum, ensuring the inclusion of women in policymaking, waste management industries, and research and development. The reviewed literature emphasizes that only when power structures are reexamined and corrected for will there be meaningful changes to the ways humanity designs plastics, manages waste, and informs the public about the products they consume.Item Open Access “Mountains, rivers, and the whole earth”: Koan interpretations of female zen practitioners(Religions, 2018-04-11) Van Overmeire, B© 2018 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Though recent years have seen a critical reappraisal of Buddhist texts from the angle of performance and gender studies, examinations of Zen Buddhist encounter dialogues (better known under their edited form as “koan”) within this framework are rare. In this article, I first use Rebecca Schneider’s notion of “reenactment” to characterize interpretative strategies developed by contemporary female Zen practitioners to contest the androcentrism found in koan commentary. Drawing on The Hidden Lamp (2013), I suggest that there are two ways of reading encounter dialogues. One of these, the “grasping way,” tends to be confrontational and full of masculine and martial imagery. The other, the “granting way,” foregrounds the (female) body and the family as sites of transmission, stressing connection instead of opposition. I then argue that these “granting” readings of encounter dialogues gesture towards a Zen lineage that is universal, extended to everyone, even to the non-human.Item Open Access Paradoxes of gender/politics: Nationalism, feminism, and modernity in contemporary Palestine(1997-08) Hasso, Frances SThis dissertation explores the relationship between nationalism and feminism by focusing on the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP) and the Palestinian Federation of Women's Action Committees (PFWAC) in the Occupied Territories. The study is based on over 150 interviews conducted in 1989 and 1995 (including 56 longitudinal re-interviews), documents, participant observation, and secondary sources. The dissertation addresses why the DFLP in the territories included a large proportion of women at the leadership and membership levels, concluding that the DFLP's commitment to non-military grassroots mobilization made it particularly attractive to women. DFLP cadres also assumed that Palestinians had to prove they were modern to be worthy of self-determination; women leaders symbolized this modernity. Also addressed is why Palestinian leftist-nationalists were convinced that modernity was a pre-requisite for national self-determination. In part, the answer lies in hegemonic narratives that portrayed Palestinian society as atavistic and uncivilized, and therefore undeserving of self-determination. One Palestinian and Arab response was a self-blame narrative that attributed the loss of Palestine in 1948 and 1967 to backwardness. The dissertation also explores why most Palestinian women were regulated in public space and disenfranchised from the nationalist project during the uprising in the territories. To some extent, the very strength of women's presence in the public sphere threatened the gender order, leading to a systematic reassertion of male power. In addition, in an international context where affairs of state are almost exclusively the concerns of men, de-marginalization required the de-feminization of Palestinian politics. Finally, the dissertation examines whether PFWAC nationalist-feminist mobilization had any long-term effects on the gender consciousness of working-class women. Based on 1989 interviews and 1995 re-interviews, most former PFWAC members demonstrated strong feminist sentiments, largely attributable to PFWAC affiliation, but believed they could not always act on them given social constraints. Thus, while participation in the combined nationalist-feminist PFWAC project led to a feminist consciousness for many women, exploring this consciousness requires disaggregating what subaltern women want from what they are able to accomplish and examining the non-dramatic ways they change their lives.Item Open Access Prison of the Womb: Gender, Incarceration, and Capitalism on the Gold Coast of West Africa, c. 1500–1957(Comparative Studies in Society and History, 2023) Balakrishnan, SAbstract To date, studies of imprisonment and incarceration have focused on the growth of male-gendered penal institutions. This essay offers a provocative addition to the global study of the prison by tracing the emergence of a carceral system in West Africa in the nineteenth century that was organized around the female body. By examining archival testimonies of female prisoners held in what were called “native prisons” in colonial Gold Coast (southern Ghana), this essay shows how birthing, impregnation, and menstruation shaped West Africa penal practices, including the selection of the captives, the duration of their time in prison, and how the prison factored into the legal infrastructure around tort settlements for debts and crimes. The term “prison of the womb” is used here to describe how the West African prison held bloodlines captive, threatening the impregnation of a female kin member as a ticking clock for tort settlement. Furthermore, it will be shown that this institution was imperative to the spread of mercantile capitalism in nineteenth-century Gold Coast.Item Open Access Red Lovers and Mothers on the Silver Screen: Hollywood’s Feminine Lens on the Soviet Debate from 1933-1945(2014-10-06) Justice, KatherineThe main goal of this thesis is to examine images of Russians in Hollywood film from 1933 to 1945, the years representing U.S. recognition of the U.S.S.R. through their WWII partnership as allies to the conclusion of the war. To narrow the focus of this study, films covered within this argument focus solely on images of Soviet-era Russian women. The woman plays an important role in these films, often standing as a metaphor for the Soviet nation and provides a useful trope to define the United States’ myth of nation, approach to foreign policy, and cultural understanding of the Russian people. I argue that Hollywood film feminized the image of Russia in film and defined her as the “Other” to help both justify the United States’ ideological fears and illustrate our desires for its political behavior on the body and actions of the female. Of primary importance to my argument are films such as Ninotchka, Comrade X, North Star, Song of Russia, and Days of Glory, which feature Russian women in two archetypal roles: as lover or mother. Following the argument that images of Russian women are tropes within these films that persist to this day, I explore how gender coding has helped restructure and reinforce structures of American society and history through a process of Americanizing the image and reinforcing the patriarchal power system of the United States. In this context, the lover and mother are actually not realistic representations of Russian ideology or culture but are evocative symbols that are employed to define “Otherness” of a foreign people in terms of the American status quo, reflect and to define the culture of the U.S. nation, and justify its political motives.Item Open Access Rethinking scale in the commons by unsettling old assumptions and asking new scale questions(International Journal of the Commons, 2020-01-01) Smith, H; Basurto, X; Campbell, L; Lozano, AG© 2020 The Author(s). Scale is a powerful concept, a lens that shapes how we perceive problems and solutions in common-pool resource governance. Yet, scale is often treated as a relatively stable and settled concept in commons scholarship. This paper reviews the origins and evolution of scalar thinking in commons scholarship in contrast with theories of scale in human geography and political ecology that focus on scale as a relational, power-laden process. Beginning with early writings on scale and the commons, this paper traces the emergence of an explicit scalar epistemology that orders both spatial and conceptual relationships vertically, as hierarchically nested levels. This approach to scale underpins a shared conceptualization of common-pool resource systems but inevitably illuminates certain questions and relationships while simultaneously obscuring others. Drawing on critiques of commonplace assumptions about scale from geography, we reread this dominant scalar framework for its analytic limitations and unintended effects. Drawing on examples from small-scale fisheries governance throughout, we contrast what is made visible in the commons through the standard approach to scale against an alternative, process-based approach to scale. We offer a typology of distinct dimensions and interrelated moments that produce scale in the commons coupled with new empirical and reflexive scale questions to be explored. We argue that engaging with theoretical advances on the production of scale in scholarship on the commons can generate needed attention to power and long-standing blind spots, enlivening our understanding of the dynamically scaled nature of the commons.Item Open Access “Women work particularly well in community organizations”: Cultivating Community and Consumerism in the Comanche County REA Women’s Club, 1939-1940(2022-01-16) Plutshack, Victoria; Merck, Ashton; Free, JonathonFrom 1939-1941, the U.S. Rural Electrification Administration conducted a nationwide educational campaign to share the benefits of electricity with rural Americans, known as the “Electric Farm Equipment Show.” A key part of the show was a series of appliance schools, which were run by female home economists and targeted to women. This article examines an appliance school organized for one REA Women’s Club, as described in a 1941 report by Clara O. Nale, the chief home economist of the REA. Using primary documents from REA home demonstration agents, we reveal how officials like Nale navigated the disconnect between the official REA project that assumed a gendered division of labor with the real needs of the farm women they served. Using the 1930 and 1940 census, we also gathered biographical details of club membership, to better understand who was being served by REA programming. Through the Comanche County REA Women’s Club, we explore how the meaning of work, rural identity, and gender was rapidly changing during the late New Deal. Our findings also highlight the critical importance of women’s community organizing in contemporary electrification efforts.