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Epidemiology of Coxiella burnetii infection in Africa: a OneHealth systematic review.

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Date
2014-04
Authors
Vanderburg, Sky
Rubach, Matthew P
Halliday, Jo EB
Cleaveland, Sarah
Reddy, Elizabeth A
Crump, John A
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Abstract
BACKGROUND: Q fever is a common cause of febrile illness and community-acquired pneumonia in resource-limited settings. Coxiella burnetii, the causative pathogen, is transmitted among varied host species, but the epidemiology of the organism in Africa is poorly understood. We conducted a systematic review of C. burnetii epidemiology in Africa from a "One Health" perspective to synthesize the published data and identify knowledge gaps. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We searched nine databases to identify articles relevant to four key aspects of C. burnetii epidemiology in human and animal populations in Africa: infection prevalence; disease incidence; transmission risk factors; and infection control efforts. We identified 929 unique articles, 100 of which remained after full-text review. Of these, 41 articles describing 51 studies qualified for data extraction. Animal seroprevalence studies revealed infection by C. burnetii (≤13%) among cattle except for studies in Western and Middle Africa (18-55%). Small ruminant seroprevalence ranged from 11-33%. Human seroprevalence was <8% with the exception of studies among children and in Egypt (10-32%). Close contact with camels and rural residence were associated with increased seropositivity among humans. C. burnetii infection has been associated with livestock abortion. In human cohort studies, Q fever accounted for 2-9% of febrile illness hospitalizations and 1-3% of infective endocarditis cases. We found no studies of disease incidence estimates or disease control efforts. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: C. burnetii infection is detected in humans and in a wide range of animal species across Africa, but seroprevalence varies widely by species and location. Risk factors underlying this variability are poorly understood as is the role of C. burnetii in livestock abortion. Q fever consistently accounts for a notable proportion of undifferentiated human febrile illness and infective endocarditis in cohort studies, but incidence estimates are lacking. C. burnetii presents a real yet underappreciated threat to human and animal health throughout Africa.
Type
Journal article
Subject
Africa
Animals
Community-Acquired Infections
Humans
Incidence
Pneumonia, Bacterial
Q Fever
Risk Factors
Seroepidemiologic Studies
Permalink
https://hdl.handle.net/10161/13773
Published Version (Please cite this version)
10.1371/journal.pntd.0002787
Publication Info
Vanderburg, Sky; Rubach, Matthew P; Halliday, Jo EB; Cleaveland, Sarah; Reddy, Elizabeth A; & Crump, John A (2014). Epidemiology of Coxiella burnetii infection in Africa: a OneHealth systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 8(4). pp. e2787. 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002787. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/10161/13773.
This is constructed from limited available data and may be imprecise. To cite this article, please review & use the official citation provided by the journal.
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Scholars@Duke

John Andrew Crump

Adjunct Professor in the Department of Medicine
I am based in northern Tanzania where I am Site Leader for Duke University&#8217;s collaborative research program based at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre and Director of Tanzania Operations for the Duke Global Health Institute. I oversee the design and implementation of research studies on infectious diseases, particularly febrile illness, invasive bacterial disease, HIV-associated opportunistic infections, clinical trials of antiretroviral therapy and prevention of mother-to-child tr
Rubach

Matthew P. Rubach

Associate Professor of Medicine
Alphabetical list of authors with Scholars@Duke profiles.
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