Life Cycle Assessment of Moutai Classic: Carbon Footprint of a Chinese Sorghum-Based Liquor

Abstract

This study presents the first life cycle assessment (LCA) of Moutai Classic, a leading Chinese sorghum-based distilled alcoholic beverage to estimate its carbon footprint and identify major emission sources. The analysis covers raw material cultivation, transportation, manufacturing, storage, and packaging. Results show that producing one 500mL bottle emits 6.8 kg CO₂e, with 58% of emissions from raw material cultivation—mainly due to fertilizer and pesticide use. Storage (18%) and manufacturing (15%) also contribute significantly, driven by long aging periods and energy-intensive distillation. Most energy used comes from non-renewable sources. Using the TRACI method, the study also identifies freshwater toxicity risks from pesticides, suggesting that environmental harm extends beyond carbon emissions. Compared to other alcoholic beverages, Moutai has a higher carbon footprint per liter, but adjusting for serving size places it closer to other spirits. This study provides a valuable baseline and offers recommendations for emission reductions through cleaner energy, improved farming, and packaging changes—supporting compliance with China’s growing sustainability requirements.