Efficient and Scalable Deep Learning

Li, Hai

Chen, Yiran

Wen, Wei

2020-02-10T17:28:11Z

2020-02-10T17:28:11Z

2019

Electrical and Computer Engineering

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) can achieve accuracy superior to traditional machine learning models, because of their large learning capacity and the availability of large amounts of labeled data. In general, larger DNNs can obtain higher accuracy. However, there are two obstacles which hinder us building larger DNNs: (1) inference of large DNNs is slow which limits their deployment to small devices; (2) training large DNNs is also slow which slows down research exploration. To remove those obstacles, this dissertation focuses on acceleration of DNN inference and training. To accelerate DNN inference, original DNNs are compressed while keeping original accuracy. More specific, Structurally Sparse Deep Neural Networks (SSDNNs) are proposed to remove neural components. In Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), neurons, filters, channels and layers can be removed; in Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), hidden sizes can be reduced. The study shows that SSDNNs can achieve higher speedup than sparse DNNs which have non-structured sparsity. Besides SSDNNs, a Force Regularization is proposed to enforce DNNs to lower-rank space, such that DNNs can be decomposed to lower-rank architectures with fewer ranks than traditional methods. The dissertation also demonstrates that SSDNNs and Force Regularization are orthogonal and can be combined for higher speedup. To accelerate DNN training, distributed deep learning is required. However, two problems hinder us using more compute nodes for higher training speed: Communication Bottleneck and Generalization Gap. Communication Bottleneck is that communication time will increase and dominate when the distributed systems scale to many compute nodes. To reduce gradient communication in Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD), SGD with low-precision gradients (TernGrad) is proposed. Moreover, in distributed deep learning, a large batch size is required to exploit system computing power; unfortunately, accuracy will decrease when the batch size is very large, which is referred to as the Generalization Gap. One hypothesis to explain Generalization Gap is that large-batch SGD sticks at sharp minima. The dissertation proposes a stochastic smoothing (SmoothOut) to escape sharp minima. The dissertation will show that TernGrad overcomes Communication Bottleneck and SmoothOut helps to close the Generalization Gap.

https://hdl.handle.net/10161/20143

Artificial intelligence

Computer science

Computer engineering

Deep neural networks

Distributed Training

Model Compression

Quantization

Sharp Minima

Sparsity

Efficient and Scalable Deep Learning

Dissertation