Seeking the Beijing Consensus in Asia: An Empirical Test of Soft Power

Abstract

The empirical study of soft power presents a challenge for social scientists. Conventional wisdom asserts that China’s soft power is growing alongside its hard power, but few scholars have been able to demonstrate this phenomenon empirically. This paper represents a first-cut effort at operationalizing and measuring the so-called Beijing Consensus (or China Model), a form of state capitalism which some see as an ideological alternative to the Washington Consensus and a challenge to American soft power. Using public opinion data from the Asian Barometer Survey (ABS), I attempt to empirically demonstrate the appeal of the China Model in Asia. I operationalize the Beijing Consensus both directly, by establishing the relationship between a respondent’s attitude towards Chinese influence and his/her preference for China as a model of development, and indirectly, by measuring attitudes towards China’s influence and attitudes towards democracy. I find that in the Asian countries represented by the ABS, affinity for Chinese influence had negligible impact on the respondent’s desire to adopt the China Model. Furthermore, no relationship could be found between favorable attitudes towards China and preference for democracy. My research shows that those who portray China as an ideological threat to the United States have dramatically overstated their case and must substantiate their position with evidence.