Carbon Capture and Storage in the United States: An Integrated Analysis of Policy, Permitting, and Market Viability

Abstract

As the second-largest emitter of greenhouse gases globally, the U.S. released 4,911 million metric tons of CO₂ into the atmosphere in 2023. Industry, accounting for 23% of the total direct emissions, is heavily dependent on fossil fuels and considered a hard-to-abate sector. Our project assesses opportunities to scale Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology, focusing on states with favorable geological conditions and significant emissions reduction potential. We reviewed state and federal policies supporting CCS, analyzed permitting requirements, and identified major industrial emitters suited for CCS. We developed a framework to evaluate and prioritize industrial emitters, and delivered targeted recommendations for stakeholder engagement, including guidelines for interactions with policymakers, federal agencies, industry leaders, and local communities. This comprehensive approach aims to facilitate accelerated industrial decarbonization through wider CCS adoption.