Promoting the Establishment and Development of Other Effective area-based Conservation Measures (OECMs) in China

Abstract

Against the backdrop of the evolving global biodiversity governance system, Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures (OECMs) have become a critical instrument for achieving the “30×30” target under the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. Characterized by high inclusiveness, diverse governance actors, and flexible management approaches, OECMs enable long-term and effective in situ biodiversity conservation even when conservation is not the primary management objective. This study systematically reviews the conceptual development and international practices of OECMs, and, through policy analysis, comparative case studies, and institutional design, explores the application scenarios and implementation pathways for OECMs in China. The findings reveal that although China has formally incorporated OECMs into its National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP), substantial gaps remain in recognition standards, governance structures, and incentive mechanisms. Comparative analysis of international cases demonstrates that effective promotion of OECMs relies on four key elements: strong governmental policy support, scientifically rigorous recognition standards, inclusive multi-stakeholder governance structures, and robust incentive mechanisms. Based on the experiences of South Africa, Japan, Canada, and Colombia, this study proposes: (1) positioning OECMs as a complementary mechanism both within and beyond the Ecological Conservation Redlines (ECRLs); (2) establishing a tiered governance structure categorized by ecological, agricultural, and urban spaces, with centralized coordination by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment and decentralized implementation at the local level; (3) developing a multi-actor OECM recognition mechanism and differentiated recognition pathways; and (4) improving a dual-track incentive system combining "certification incentives" and "support incentives" to promote the sustainable management of OECMs. This study aims to provide a feasible pathway for constructing a more diverse, inclusive, and efficient ecological conservation system in China, contributing to realizing the national “30×30” target and offering a Chinese perspective to global biodiversity governance.