Browsing by Subject "alcohol"
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Item Open Access Adolescent Executive Dysfunction in Daily Life: Relationships to Risks, Brain Structure and Substance Use.(Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 2017-01) Clark, Duncan B; Chung, Tammy; Martin, Christopher S; Hasler, Brant P; Fitzgerald, Douglas H; Luna, Beatriz; Brown, Sandra A; Tapert, Susan F; Brumback, Ty; Cummins, Kevin; Pfefferbaum, Adolf; Sullivan, Edith V; Pohl, Kilian M; Colrain, Ian M; Baker, Fiona C; De Bellis, Michael D; Nooner, Kate B; Nagel, Bonnie JDuring adolescence, problems reflecting cognitive, behavioral and affective dysregulation, such as inattention and emotional dyscontrol, have been observed to be associated with substance use disorder (SUD) risks and outcomes. Prior studies have typically been with small samples, and have typically not included comprehensive measurement of executive dysfunction domains. The relationships of executive dysfunction in daily life with performance based testing of cognitive skills and structural brain characteristics, thought to be the basis for executive functioning, have not been definitively determined. The aims of this study were to determine the relationships between executive dysfunction in daily life, measured by the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF), cognitive skills and structural brain characteristics, and SUD risks, including a global SUD risk indicator, sleep quality, and risky alcohol and cannabis use. In addition to bivariate relationships, multivariate models were tested. The subjects (n = 817; ages 12 through 21) were participants in the National Consortium on Alcohol and Neurodevelopment in Adolescence (NCANDA) study. The results indicated that executive dysfunction was significantly related to SUD risks, poor sleep quality, risky alcohol use and cannabis use, and was not significantly related to cognitive skills or structural brain characteristics. In multivariate models, the relationship between poor sleep quality and risky substance use was mediated by executive dysfunction. While these cross-sectional relationships need to be further examined in longitudinal analyses, the results suggest that poor sleep quality and executive dysfunction may be viable preventive intervention targets to reduce adolescent substance use.Item Open Access Brain mechanisms of Change in Addictions Treatment: Models, Methods, and Emerging Findings.(Curr Addict Rep, 2016-09) Chung, Tammy; Noronha, Antonio; Carroll, Kathleen M; Potenza, Marc N; Hutchison, Kent; Calhoun, Vince D; Gabrieli, John DE; Morgenstern, Jon; Nixon, Sara Jo; Wexler, Bruce E; Brewer, Judson; Ray, Lara; Filbey, Francesca; Strauman, Timothy J; Kober, Hedy; Feldstein Ewing, Sarah WIncreased understanding of "how" and "for whom" treatment works at the level of the brain has potential to transform addictions treatment through the development of innovative neuroscience-informed interventions. The 2015 Science of Change meeting bridged the fields of neuroscience and psychotherapy research to identify brain mechanisms of behavior change that are "common" across therapies, and "specific" to distinct behavioral interventions. Conceptual models of brain mechanisms underlying effects of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, mindfulness interventions, and Motivational Interviewing were discussed. Presentations covered methods for integrating neuroimaging into psychotherapy research, and novel analytic approaches. Effects of heavy substance use on the brain, and recovery of brain functioning with sustained abstinence, which may be facilitated by cognitive training, were reviewed. Neuroimaging provides powerful tools for determining brain mechanisms underlying psychotherapy and medication effects, predicting and monitoring outcomes, developing novel interventions that target specific brain circuits, and identifying for whom an intervention will be effective.Item Open Access For better or for worse: Spousal concordance in health behavior change(2008-02) Falba, Tracy; Sindelar, Jody LObjective. This study examines the degree to which a married individual’s health habits and use of preventive medical care are influenced by his or her spouse’s behaviors. Study Design. Using longitudinal data on individuals and their spouses, we examine changes over time in the health habits of each person as a function of changes in his or her spouse’s health habits. Specifically, we analyze changes in smoking, drinking, exercising, cholesterol screening, and obtaining a flu shot. Data Source. This study uses data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a nationally representative sample of individuals born between 1931 and 1941 and their spouses. Beginning in 1992, 12,652 persons (age-eligible individuals as well as their spouses) from 7,702 households were surveyed about many aspects of their life, including health behaviors, use of preventive services, and disease diagnosis. Sample. The analytic sample includes 6,072 individuals who are married at the time of the initial HRS survey and who remain married and in the sample at the time of the 1996 and 2000 waves. Principal Findings. We consistently find that when one spouse improves his or her behavior, the other spouse is likely to do so as well. This is found across all the behaviors analyzed, and persists despite controlling for many other factors. Conclusions. Simultaneous changes occur in a number of health behaviors. This conclusion has prescriptive implications for developing interventions, treatments, and policies to improve health habits and for evaluating the impact of such measures.Item Open Access Old Duke New Duke: A report to the President(2007-01-22T18:42:55Z) Willimon, William H.Item Open Access Recent and active problematic substance use among primary care patients: Results from the alcohol, smoking, and substance involvement screening test in a multisite study.(Substance abuse, 2021-04-02) John, William S; Zhu, He; Greenblatt, Lawrence H; Wu, Li-TzyBackground: Primary care settings provide salient opportunities for identifying patients with problematic substance use and addressing unmet treatment need. The aim of this study was to examine the extent and correlates of problematic substance use by substance-specific risk categories among primary care patients to inform screening/intervention efforts. Methods: Data were analyzed from 2000 adult primary care patients aged ≥18 years (56% female) across 5 clinics in the eastern U.S. Participants completed the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST). Prevalence and ASSIST-defined risk-level of tobacco use, alcohol use, and nonmedical/illicit drug use was examined. Multinomial logistic regression models analyzed the demographic correlates of substance use risk-levels. Results: Among the total sample, the prevalence of any past 3-month use was 53.9% for alcohol, 42.0% for tobacco, 24.2% for any illicit/Rx drug, and 5.3% for opioids; the prevalence of ASSIST-defined moderate/high-risk use was 45.1% for tobacco, 29.0% for any illicit/Rx drug, 14.2% for alcohol, and 9.1% for opioids. Differences in the extent and risk-levels of substance use by sex, race/ethnicity, and age group were observed. Adjusted logistic regression showed that male sex, white race, not being married, and having less education were associated with increased odds of moderate/high-risk use scores for each substance category; older ages (versus ages 18-25 years) were associated with increased odds of moderate/high-risk opioid use. Conclusions: Intervention need for problematic substance use was prevalent in this sample. Providers should maintain awareness and screen for problematic substance use more consistently in identified high risk populations.Item Embargo Sociodemographic and Psychological Profiles of Pregnant Women Who Consume Alcohol in Moshi, Tanzania: A Latent Class Analysis(2024) West, KirstinBackground: Despite CDC advisories, many pregnant women in Northern Tanzania consume alcohol. The WHO SAFER initiative calls for tailored interventions to target alcohol use during pregnancy in Moshi, Tanzania. Addressing this issue involves understanding the complex alcohol use patterns among pregnant women. Yet, data on pregnant female subgroups and their associated drinking habits in Moshi are lacking, Methods: This cross-sectional study uses secondary data from pregnant women enrolled from Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre's (KCMC’s) Reproductive Health Center (RHC) and Emergency Department (ED). Structured survey questionnaires assess sociodemographic and psychological traits, and alcohol consumption patterns. Basic summary statistics were used to compare pregnant women who consumed alcohol with those who did not. Latent class analysis (LCA) identified distinct subgroups among enrolled pregnant women based on sociodemographic and psychological attributes. Associations between latent classes and alcohol use patterns were evaluated using logistic odds regression (LOR). Results: No significant associations were found between latent groups of pregnant women and alcohol use patterns such as drinking quantity, frequency, or AUD status. Differences in individual sociodemographic and psychological traits between pregnant women who consume alcohol and those who do not were non-significant, except for age. Conclusions: Understanding variations in alcohol use among unique subgroups of pregnant women is essential for the development of targeted interventions to alleviate the burden of alcohol use during pregnancy. LCA identified unique subgroups, yet the study's limited sample size warrants caution. Future efforts should consider the interplay of cultural norms, societal stigma, and personal attitudes toward prenatal alcohol consumption, going beyond traditional sociodemographic factors. Addressing drinking habits among young women is also crucial, as these behaviors may persist into pregnancy.
Item Open Access We Work Hard, We Play Hard(2007-01-22T18:47:27Z) Willimon, William H.A report for the President and the Provost, and for the Vice President for Student Life of Duke University.